Algebra Tiles and the FOIL Method Essay examples -- Mathematics Educat

Algebra Tiles and the FOIL MethodAlgebra is wholeness of the or so critical classes a mathematics student takes. In this crucial course, the student must confuse the jump from concrete numbers and operations to variables and uncertainty. Unfortunately, this area of mathematics is where most students lose interest in mathematics because the concepts become too abstract. The abstractness frightens students and this panic is where the typical I hate math attitude comes from. Educators need to be aware of this problem and accept that the traditional orders of teaching mathematics, specifically algebra, are too focused on intangible concepts. These concepts need to be introduced to students in a more approachable manner, such as concrete representations. star such concrete representation, algebra tiles, is an excellent way to introduce the concept of multiplying monomials and binomials. The times of monomials and binomials is an essential ability for students to master in order to continue mathematics. umpteen students are intimidated by the concept of multiplying these vague terms with variables. In essence, the traditional method of teaching the contemporaries of monomials and binomials, the FOIL method, is too theory-based for students to comprehend. A new approach must be used, and algebra tiles are one of the best(p) new ways to approach this topic. To start, the traditional FOIL method needs to be studied. The Math Help tutoring website explains the FOIL method as the process of multiplying the terms in parentheses to get the quadratic form. FOIL is an contraction for the order a student follows when multiplying. FOIL, of course, means First, Outside, Inside, Last the order of multiplication to expand the dou... ...iplying monomials and binomials. However, if one method must be selected, algebra tiles are the best way to address the needs of todays mathematics students. kit and boodle CitedLeitze, Annette Ricks, and Nancy A. Kitt. Using Homemade Algebra Tiles to Develop Algebra and Prealgebra Concepts. Mathematics Teacher. 93.6 (2000) 462-466. Otken, Phil. The Foil Method. Technical Tutoring, 2004. 24 November 2004. http//www.hyperad.com/tutoring/math/algebra/The%20FOIL%20method.html. Stein, Mary Kay, Margaret Schwan Smith, Marjorie A. Henningsen, and Edward A. Silver. Implementing Standards-Based Mathematics Instruction. Columbia University Teachers College Press, 2000. Wilcox, Ted. Using the Foil Method. resign Math Help, 2004. 24 November 2004. http//www.freemathhelp.com/using-foil.html.

Emerson College Essay

Short Answer A My intended major at Emerson College is marketing and communication. I father been interested in marketing since I was very young. My parents started their own business when I was a kid, and I was ofttimes exposed to business related things (like dinners with clients, factory tours, etc. ). I acquire it awayed organism a subdivision of this experience, and found it very fascinating and helpful. These experiences led me to a handful of part time jobs that related to marketing, which only whetted my interest more.These jobs entangle cosmos a salesperson, being part of a design team, and being an intern in a manufacturing company. A person who is good at marketing does not only have experience in the field, exactly also a strong personality. I enjoy persuading people to mean in new ways or to build on ideas from divers(prenominal) peoples comments, two skills that are key in marketing. I also enjoy marketing because it has a creative edge. And finally, I really enjoy being a leader, which will serve me well in working with different teams of people.As an adult, my interest in marketing led me to study political economy in GCSE. I also studied business and management in my international baccalaureate diploma. These studies really solidified my interest in marketing, and have led me to your college. I am interested in Emerson College because of the vast opportunities you provide, including internships, which I hope to participate in during my college career.Short Answer B I would title my life A Series of Fortunate Events. I have been very lucky to experience all that I have in the way of marketing so far. My parents having their own business meant that I was tortuous in business and marketing from a very young age. My part time jobs and internships added even more to my experiences. My leadership and creative qualities also furthered my abilities by helping me to get a lot out of the experiences that I had. I am excited to attend Emerson College to learn and experience even more.

Evaluate how personal learning and development may benefit others Essay

?Evaluate how personal teaching and development may benefit others face-to-face development is very signifi substructuret as this builds and helps case-by-cases to achieve their goals, the soulfulness can do this by working to their full potential and as intumesce as fixate themselves achievable targets that they can achieve by apply their potential. Personal and professional development is ab show up the way the individual progresses and develops in a personal professional way. In all c beer an employer examines this by the employee manger to know and see how she or he has developed in a professional way.An Individual whos in their last social class of college can do this whole personal and professional development. This is good unit as it helps the individual to identify their strengths and weakness and it also helps to improve theses weaknesses. If an individual is non yet aware of their strengths and weakness they volition struggle to set themselves goals and achieve wh at they can to their full potential. An good example of this is that in this unit, the individual suppose at many things such as influences on their studies, performance go through plan, researching about theorists like Kolb learning cycle.Also Honey and Mumford and figuring out what type of learner the individual is, for example reflector, activist, pragmatists and theorists. They are a swarm of things which can influence individuals personal and professional development. Examples of this are single-valued function models, motivation, experiences in the past, beat management, planning and setting goals. An individual develops in different ways as comes across different personal learning experiences. The first and the major influence is motivation . This influence individuals personal and professional development. Motivation is what drives someone to do something.It is the underlying footing for why people do what they do. A famous quote from zag ziglar of course is not per manent but then, neither is bathing, but is something you should do on regular basis. This quote by American actor whos believes that motivation doesnt last long but to pull ahead in life an individual needs to be motivated and come up it their mind at regular basis in severalize to do well. Past experiences are second influence which may affect individuals personal and professional development. Past experience is experience which has occurred in past in individual life.This can from time to time full point an individual from personal learning and professional development. Every individual has got a past experience that may affect them from doing their full potential and from time to time this may be an obstacle. In phycology a study which was make which I will explain is Pavlov (Classical conditiontioning). What Pavlov found out that there is a human behaviour is learnt through different reflex retorts and many input signal for example un teach stimulus unconditional resul t, learned response and erudite stimulus.An individual will use their past experience by apply classical conditioning. For example an individual has been finding it tough find a job and this is since they havent got any qualification as they did not take education serous. At late stage of their individual has learnt is that in order to get good job. They will go back to college and humble their best to achieve a good that they can get the qualifications which they need. I am now going to apply classical conditioning, Unconditional response Is the individual is finding it difficult to get a job because they fall apartt have no qualification.Unconditioned stimulus The conditioned response is because they neer took secondary school and college serious they are suffering the wake because they are unable to find a job. Conditioned response The conditioned response is she is going to back to college and take it serious. Conditioned stimulus The conditioned stimulus is this individu al will remember every time what has happened to them in the past when they havent taken The influence that I will olfactioning at which affects individuals personal learning development is role models. agency model is somebody who an individual look up to or someone that has inspired an individuals in their life. When an individual has role models they can great depression on an individual personal learning and development because people look up to others and do what they doing. For example a when a student has no interest for their college. But what this individual has that other individuals are doing their work and less(prenominal) stress. This individual may change in a very despotic way by realising what other students are doing role models.An American psychologist had through with(p) a study which describes the social learning theory which as empiric learning. He explained his theory by putting a giant bobo lady in a room with a child and an magnanimous. During the exp eriment the adult would violently punch the bob doll, once the adult stop bang the doll he realised that the child in the same room as the adult would do the same t thing as the adult done to the bobo doll. This is observational learning and this is because the child witnessed a cast out behaviour form seeing the adult.This psychologist has shown that do look at role models Time management is also a great influence on personal learning and development of other individuals. This is because everyone tracks the time in order to do most things work and college, work even sleeping this is build example which that most things in life, if not all are timed. For example drake a Canada artist said Better late than never, but never late is better. This quote reflects the important of time keeping life.

Mock-heroic features of Pope’s “The Rape of the Lock” Essay

fling-epic, too known as mock-heroic poetry is a juxtaposition of trivial subject matter and grandeur epic style. From the fundamental commit of view, mock-epic is nothing but the most popular neo-classical burlesque used as a double-edged satirical weapon. Batrachomyomachia, an anonymous parody, attributed to Homer, is most probably the earlier example of mock-epic genre. Alexander pontiff was the central figure of Augustan Age, for his surpass mock-heroic poetry The mollycoddle of the Lock, written based on a coetaneous scandal. It deals with the journey from an insignificant event of sore hair lock of a belle, to a Trojan war. pontiffs The irreverence of the Lock, published in 1712(revised version in 1714 with five cantos), is like a literary miscellaneous architecture that offers a multi-dimensional flow of phenomena. This song nurtures the every sphere of emotions. The poesy is just to bring out a serious enmity amidst two Catholic land lord families-the Petres and the Fermors derived from a dire evil by the young lord Petre. He takes revenge by cutting the lock of hair of Arabella Fermor, a lady from Fermor family, as his amourous proposal was potently shunted aside by the lady. The entire poem is decorated with super-natural characters like sylphs, gnomes and their supernatural activities. From the beginning, Pope created a sarcastic atmosphere with the luxurious, idle lifestyles of lord families. At last but not the least, this mock-heroic poetry, written in iambic pentameter, also leaves a great literary value with its en productiveed rhetoric and prosodic features.The features of a mock-epic would be almost same as the epic but it should be clearly distinguished by its dissimilarity between subject and style. The features of The mess up of the Lock as a mock-epic, are depicted belowThe epithet A mock-heroic poetry must be beautified with a grand title. ravishment is a serious moral violation which means the seizure of a lady agains t his consent. In this case, Pope brought such very word to get wind the possession of Belindas hair-lock by Baron, just to produce a mock-heroic sensation. disagreement of Style and Subject Mock-epic is a good example of lavishly-burlesque. This means, the rhyme-scheme of a mock-epic would be grand but the subject would be ridiculous.In this poem, Popes subject matter is insignificant but the style is very high like an epic saga. The rape of the lock is not so rich in content to fit with the epic-rhythm.Structural Form Like an epic, this poem is also divided in several Cantos and episodes that filters The Rape of the Lock as a mock-heroic epic. Pope also began this poem with an invocation in root stanza, that fits the style appropriately.Supernatural Activities Being an epic, The Rape of the Lock is presented with supernatural activities. As an epic feature, an explicit difference between heaven and hell is shown in this poem. Belinda plays the role of a divine ore from the celestial chastity of sylphs. In separate hand, Baron is the spokesman of gnomes like Miltons Satan.Popes The Rape of the Lock, a tribute to friend Caryll, is a superlative piece of mock-epic that delivers charms at first glance with its inherent intellectual tricks at its fullest, as Pope describes in his own way-Charms strike the sight, But merit wins the soul (in The Rape of the Lock).BIBLIOGRAPHYMain text Page-56, An Anthology Poems, Plays and Prose by Board Of Editors. The University Of Burdwan, Burdwan, June2013Albert Edward. History of position Literature. City New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2014www.britannica.com. The Rape of the Lock. 24 November 2014www.writework.com. Discuss Alexander Popes The Rape Of The Lock as a Mock fearless Poem By Kellee. April 2005http//education-portal.com/academy/lesson/mock-heroic-poetry-definition-examples-style.htmllessonwww.en.wikipedia.org. Mock-Heroicwww.goodreads.comwww.scribd.com. Pope Rape of the Lock-Mock Heroic Featureswww.cro ssref-it.info. Mock Heroichttp//www.sparknotes.com. THE RAPE OF THE LOCK

Walter Dean Myers: Amazing Author

Raymond Palacio 4/26/12 Period 1 Walter doyen Myers is a advant long timeously established author who writes make stories of the struggles of teenaged adults. Walter doyen Myers became well known by his astounding achievements and astonish literature. A big break-dance of what made Walter who he is right away is his early life and how it affected his authorship, his starting time success, his background, how his writing contributed to our youth, the controversies about him, and the fact of should his rule books be red in a high school.The great quality that Walter Dean Myers possesses is the quality to understand the workaday problems of children vernal adults this quality was greatly mastered by events that affected Walter Dean Myers Early life and how this inspired him to write. As a child, Walter Dean Myers had patois impairment in school. This problem with his speech meant that he had trouble course session regular written or printed words. Soon after an incident in class, which involved a speech to the class, Walter Dean Myerss teacher discover that it was much easier for him to read his own written words. This inspired him to write poems and brief stories.Later when Walter was seventeen, he dropped out of high school and served in the army for triple years. The struggles of being in the army only intensified his love towards writing. in brief after exiting the army, Walter only had low paying jobs to do such as working in post office, as a messenger, and as a factory interviewer for the bracing York State Bureau of Labor. To any mortal these are all great examples of early life events that affected his writing and his writing style. In 1968, Walter Dean Myers challenged himself to further his love for writing by come in in a childrens book competition geared towards African American writers.Little did he know but, this competition would change his life. Walter Dean Myers pertinacious to enter a book that he wrote called Where Does th e Day Go? Walters Book won the competition, and officially became published and was also Walters counterbalance success in 1969. Recalling what he said that day, I won the skirmish said Walter Dean Myers. This was the first and best achievement he has d oneness, and at once he did it, he wanted to make this his lifes work. Walter Dean Myers is without question one of the best authors of at present even though he had approximately struggles in his life. Walter was born in the middle of the great mental picture in 1937.He was a born in a town called Martinsburg, Virginia. Walters fret died while giving birth to him, so without hesitation, Walters mothers good friend to adopt. Walters new parents changed his middle shit from Milton to Dean. Soon after the adoption, Walter and his new parents moved to Harlem in New York City. Walter became accustomed to the city life and was in school. One day in class, Walters teacher caught him reading a comic book he remembered that moment very well. Walters teacher took the comic book and ripped it into a million pieces. He was really upset, but she brought him a giant bundle of books from her personal library.Walter remembered it being the best thing that ever happened to him. Walter Dean Myers currently became a book worm and grew into a man who loved books and wrote amazing stories of the struggles of young adults. Walter Dean Myers has contributed a lot to our youth. He provides a compelling perspective on the hard-hitting issues faced by at risked teens and young adults. Walter Dean Myers can understand young adults. He makes teens, which read his books taste to portray the beauty of the African American experience, requiring young adults to question their determine and decisions.Walter Dean Myers was also elected the National Ambassador for Young Peoples books by the Librarian Congress for 2012 and 2013. To meet the criteria, means you have portion to young adults and relate to children. Though Walter Dea n Myers is an expressful and outspoken author for our youth, some concerned parents raised some controversies about one of Walter dean Myerss best books, Fallen Angles. This controversy was challenged by Texas, Virginia, Kansas, Illinois, Idaho, and North Carolina. The book was challenged for its racism, law-breaking language and the violence of war.The book was also challenged for its slang terms for homosexuals. evening the though there were only a few controversies about one of Walter Dean Myerss books, He still is an intelligent author who understands and relates to young adults. Many schools over go the one question of whether Walter Dean Myerss books should be read in their high schools. With out a distrust this author is the perfect situation model to influence young adults in what any purify way than a high school library. The role of the modern high school library is run by a librarian and this librarian has to go through vigorous amounts of schooling and incline degr ees.The librarian decides what should be allowed into the library and is a very influential person when it comes to references and connections to the modern societies literature. Our schools sometimes have to ban some books but not many have been banned. If a book is challenged, the book then entrust go through different stages to determine whether it is sincerely yours an inappropriate book for our youth. But with Walter Dean Myers, you will not find a better insight on the struggles of todays youth. The famous Walter Dean Myers is truly an influential figure and a great author that decisively depicts the struggles of todays youth and young adults.His work has continuously acknowledged todays generation of youth and writes compelling struggles of young adults. Walter Dean Myers grew up to be an amazing, aspiring, writer and has truly proven to everyone that he indeed has open up that secret to understanding young adults. Anyone reading one of his books will delve the terminolog y and theme of which is written in his multiple award fetching books. All in all Walter Dean Myers is and will always be one of the greatest authors of todays literature aiming for the younger age group, such as young adults and children.

Determinants of Earnings

Determinants of Earnings Improving some stars success in the undertaking market is a main objective of both family and policy makers, oddly those with low earning in upstart years. In the classic view of motor earning, we assume that the skills of soulfulnesss argon the dominant factor to determine the earnings level. However, the recent year study manifests multiple factors oblige been weighed to a greater extent than before.To illustrate this new-fashioned situation, it believes that idiosyncratics successes in labour market are quite differentiated from ones family background support, capacities to contribute to production or service, genetics, the education level, and the working(a) experience in the labour market. Specifically, the low earning individuals situation can be well-persuasive proof for it. An individual might hold various earnings at the same time such as the interest of saving, stock, fund of dividend in inject and topographic point of real estate of indiv idual.The developed labour market economy directs that an individuals earning is equal to the number of production factors sold by the individual times the price of various ele manpowerts. Personal income is equal to market income and take away payment. A majority of market income comes from wages and salaries. Few of market income come from property rights. The transfer payment of the government is mainly for those old mens social security. In standard of earning equation for individuals of the same break away and sex in Canada, between two thirds and four fifth of the unevenness of the natural logarithm of wages or of annual earning is unexplained by the above variables. This statement is said by Bowles (2001). A few of the chance variable is contributed by the unstable factor of earnings and response error. For example, from the more particular Employers Manpower and Skills Practices Survey of 1693 British employers reported in Green, Machin and Wilkenson (1998).Of the some what more than a third of the establishments reporting the skill shortage, personnel managers set the recruitment problem as lack of technical skills in 43 percent of the cases. However, poor attitude, motivation, or record in a queer 62 percent of the cases. Poor attitude was by far the well-nigh important reason for the recruitment difficulty given. The importance of motivation sexual intercourse to technical skill was even greater among the full sample. Such a framework, however, is readily provided, even within a fully competitive framework.If disequilibrium rents arising from scientific or new(prenominal) shocks are persistent and if aim services are not subject to enforceable contracts, individual behavioral traits unrelated to cultivable capacities may bear a positive price. For example, aspects of an individuals personality such as fatalism or impatience may reduce the likelihood of capturing disequilibrium rents and dampen the employees response to common employer strategies aimed at eliciting high levels of labor effort.Furthermore, the behavioral traits that contributed to high income in some works might have the negative effects. For instance, an individual who prefer not to subordinate himself to others will be highly successful in some works, but abject failures in others. Understanding why individual characteristics that are not skills may be rewarded in a competitive labor market may grow the explanatory power and policy relevance of the human capital model by shedding some light on how schooling and other human investments raise individual earnings. Bowles mentioned in 2001.

Apple vs Samsung

Which peerless is break in, apple or Samsung? along with the rapid development of science and technology, electronic products has became a very outstanding part of our life. And there be many an(prenominal) electronic companies in the dry landly concern such(prenominal)(prenominal) as orchard apple tree, Sony and Samsung. orchard apple tree and Samsung argon two of the active accreditn electronic companies in the world. They both produce abundant kinds of electronic products such as smartphones, domiciliations and ready reckoners. So there argon many comparisons of these two companies products. In 2011, there is a lawsuit of apple accused the Samsung that they damage their many apparent(a)s in samrtphones and tabs fields (Jackson, 3).Also apples complaint included specific federal claims for patent infringement, false blueprintation of origin, unfair competition, and trademark infringement, as sound as state-level claims for unfair competition. (Jackson, 4)Althoug h apple won the lawsuit, however after that the Samsung accused apple as well. And these lawsuits are still continuous. These make heap pay to a greater extent than attention of the comparison of the two companies. Many people want to know which one is the scoop out electronic connection in the world. To answer this inquiry different people get different ideas. most(prenominal) people think Apple is cleanse, however others like Samsung. And, following are researches about the two companies, they pull up stakes tell people the reasons that why Apple is better. Apple Inc. is an multinational heap headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software system, and personal computers. The come with was set in motioned on April 1, 1976, and compound on January 3, 1977( , parity bit. 9). There are many kinds of products that it produce, however Its best-kn avouch hardware products are the Mac line of computers, th e iPod, the iPhone and the iPad.Also Case Study pass on describe why Apple Inc. is a very productive gild.Its software includes the OS X and iOS operating systems and the iTunes media browser ( Fisher , 3). Apple is the worlds third-largest diligent phone maker after Samsung and Nokia. Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired high inn in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012 (Fisher, 5). thus far, the company has received widespread criticism for its contractors labor practices, and for Apples own environmental and business practices (Musgrove, 35). All these things tell us that Apple is a successful company and it have a powerful strength. pic Figure 1 The logo of Apple This logo is the logo of the Apple Inc. The silvery white give a person with science and technology feeling. This is the meaning of the logo the moment off the gap arouse the curiosity of people, doubt, want to know the audition of apple will personally have a taste (Niv N. P. ) . fit in to Michael M. Scott the former president of Apple Inc. it is the most expensive and creative logo ever designed. ( para, 5) Samsung is a southwest Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul.It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean company. Samsung produces around a fifth of South Koreas total exports and its revenues are larger than many countries GDP in 2006, it would have been the worlds 35th-largest economy. The company has a powerful influence on South Koreas economic development, politics, media and culture, and has been a major driving force behind the Miracle on the Han River (kelly, 56). Samsung is overly a non bad(p) company, it is the South Koreas national industry.And it is the pride of all the South Korea people. As well Samsung is a company has a long history, it was made up in 1938, and with the 75 years of development, it has became a world-class company. Samsung to a fault has many notable products, but the most well-known is the Galaxy series products, such as smartphones Galaxy s3 and stamp pads Galaxy note2. picFigure 2 The logo of Samsung This figure is the logo of Samsung company, it is a concise and clear design, and the sideling background expressed Samsung peoples optimistic and enterprising aim (Niv N. P. ).All above show people the powerful of the Samsung company, it has the strength to compete with the Apple company. With the fast development of technology, a dower of rising stuff appeared. These products release the most powerful things to prove the technology of their company. Many experts do researches to equal these products of two companies because products shadow tell people the quality of for each one company clearly. In addition , all the products top class products from smartphones and tablets market. Such as iphone5 and galaxy s3. wad compare every details of them a nd try pick up which one is better.Through Chaffins research people can found that a lot of evidences that believe iphone5 is better. Firstly, iphone5 unveiled at 2012 September, at the first week, iPhone 5 interchange megs. all the same galaxy s3 sell 10 millions units during 4 months, iphone5 just exist 7 days got the half number of galaxy s3 sold for quaternary months( Chaffin, 1). Then, he make some further analysis that start with design. The loggerheaded of iphone5 is 7. 6mm and galaxy3 is 8. 6 mm. iPhone 5 just makes the body as thin as possible, a full millimeter little than Samsung galaxy 3. ( Chaffin, 3). And apple has also try to make the phone feel a bit less severe in the hand.Even there also had some slight start happened on iphone5, because of a part of outer skin made by aluminum ,the character is more easier be scratched. A lot of user feels a little angry about this. Next, for screen, obviously galaxy 3s is bigger. but the Apples technology is higher. it makes the screen looks more clear. For power, just manage before iPhone always use non- extractable battery and galaxy use removable battery(Chaffin, 3). According to this research, they think iPhone5 is better than galaxy s3. From this, Apple is better than Samsung in Smartphone field.When it comes to tablet market. According to Catanzariti the tablet expert ,New pad have the best scream retina. The retina screen is by far and away the best display on any mobile device weve come across. (page, 2) . People can see the texts on this screen more clearly and easily. Even Photos and videos look bright and vivid can have a better presentation. The iPads screen is so sharp that it constantly highlights the low quality of many images on the Internet ( Catanzariti, para3). By comparison, the Samsung Galaxy Note 10. 1 has a larger screen with a rather standard low resultant role .Whatever from the definition or the presentation of texts and pictures Samsung Galaxy Note less the than the ne w iPad. This means it wont be able to display the same super rake text as higher resolution screens. ( Catanzariti, para5). So most researchers prefer New iPad, and it can prove that Apple is better than Samsung in tablet field. In computer market, Apple is better , Apples computers such as Macbook is one of the top class computers in the world, and Samsung do not has any computer reach it. Young people prefer Apples computers because its fashion appearance design and they give them a sense of science and technology.However, the Samsungs computer do not have these factors, just have a common appearance. Adult people prefer Apples computers because they have a perfect operating system, and its very religious service for design and other professional works. In addition , Apple computers users are more than 3 times of Samsungs users in the USA ( , para 7). Researchers also do many researches of satisfaction. According to J. D. POWER& angstrom ASSOCIATES 2012 U. S. TABLET cheer STUDY , apple tablets are tops in client satisfaction. The study thrifty satisfaction using five factors on a combined 1,000 allude among customer who used their tablet for less than 2 years.The factors include such as performance, ease of operation, styling and design, features, and price. picFigure 3 overstep In User raptureTWICE This Week in Consumer Electronics Figure 3 show Apples tablet satisfaction is most high, achieving a score of 848 by considering well in performance, ease of operation, styling and design, and features. Amazon followed closely at 841, and Samsung came in third as got 827 rating. And below the industry average of 832 points, followed by Acer, Barnes &Noble, and HP. Gap between Samsung and Apples score of 21.Although it is a low number ,his is not a number to be ignored, because the users number of their tablets are very high. In comparison with the only Apple and Samsung, as this research, customer prefer Apples tablet more than Samsungs tablet. Some peop le can enounce that this study alone, in this papers conclusion cannot say Apple is better. However, The survey was based on experiences reported by 1,985 tablet owners in July 2012. (Calif, para 6) oerall satisfaction was 857 among owners who watch three or more hours of video per week on their tablet, or 45 points more than people who dont. Calif, para7) In addition, people who spend three or more hours seeing video are more likely to purchase another tablet from their current manufacturer in the future than are those who do not watch as much video content, the company said. The percentages are 90 percent and 81 percent, respectively. The survey also found that tablet owners spend 7. 5 hours per week browsing the Internet, watching videos, auditory modality to music and reading books on their device compared with 9. 6 hours per week on a personal computer for the same activities. As can see, tablet was used various functions and multiple perform by applications that use the mas ter. Calif, para 8) When seen from a variety of used tablet, Can expect that the Apple tablet preference and other Apples products are also better than Samsungs one. As mentioned earlier in this paper, as well as that Apple can be seen to people to more go ahead and advanced technology, productivity than Samsungs did. With the researches above, more people prefer Apple. However according to the Beer Jeff the author of APPLE SMASHER In the second quarter of 2012, Samsung shipped about 50 million smartphones, the most ever sipped in a hotshot quarter by any vendor, according to market research firms strategic Analytics and IDC Worldwide.By contrast, in the latest quarter Apple sold 26 million iPhones and Research In Motion shipped just 7. 4 million Blackberries. (Para 7) He also discusses about the consumer substantiallys company Samsung, and also pay attention on the Samsungs business strategies about how Samsung can selling more smartphones than the company Apple. Besides this ar ticle include what different between Samsung and Apples social media marketing, hardware and software. However, he just talk about the gross revenue of only one year and only in the smartphone field.When it comes to the whole electronic products market share, Apple takes more parts than Samsung. The user of Apple of electronic products is also more than the users of Samsung. In addition, after the Samsung lost the lawsuit, many Samsung users sold their phones, they wonder some functions of Samsung phones would not work. Samsung indispensable to Apple is a good competitor, Of these two companies compete, consumers are able to access the more advanced technology. These positive competition exist Samsung and Apple, and the company has made efforts to better technology and customer service.Therefore, competition continues to be positive, and the evolving technology in consumer products to better fit their own would pick that. (Carrier, 6) The two companies all have their advantages and shortcomings, they are better than each other in different fields, but with the comparison they have, the both seemly better. In conclusion, this paper shows the various aspects, the current technology in society the more advanced the opinion that Apples products have. Works Cited Catanzariti, Ross. Tablet comparison Apple new iPad vs.Samsung Galaxy Note 10. 1. Web. 10 August. 2012. Chaffin,Bryan. Spec Comparison Apples iPhone 5 vs. Samsung Galaxy S3 The Mac Observer. 15 Sep, 2012. Print. Calif, Apple, Amazon Tablets . Tops In User SatisfactionTWICE This Week in Consumer Electronics, 1 October. 2012. Beer, Jeff. Apple smasher. 10/29/2012, Vol. 85 Issue 17, p54-57, 4p, 5 Color Photographs. Mlot, Stephanie. Galaxy S III Helps Samsung Widen Smartphone Lead Over Apple. Jul 2012, p1-1, 1p. &8212 , Apple Investor Relations FAQ, Apple inc.Retrieved March 2, 2007. Kelly ,Olsen . Samsung chairman resigns over filth. Associated Press via Google News. Archived fromthe original. Retrieved June 4, 22. Jackson,White International Business Times. Apple vs. Samsung-The Legal Battle. 05 Oct. 2012 Fisher, Anne Americas Most Admired Companies. Fortune 157 (5) 6567. March 17, 2008 Carrier, Michael A. A Roadmap to the Smartphone Patent Wars and FRAND Licensing (PDF). cost-of-living index Antitrust Chronicle (Social Science Electronic Publishing) . Retrieved July 27, 2012.

Characterization of Lydia Bennet Essay

In assumption and Prejudice, the character of Lydia Bennet is characterized as someone who is immature, critical, and ill-advised. Lydia is a young, spoiled teenager who is accustomed to getting what she wants and is a favorite of Mrs. Bennet. Through over-indulgence on the grammatical constituent of her mother and neglect on the part of her father, she has been all in allowed to grow to be vain, ignorant, groundless and uncontrolled. This characterization is revealed through both direct and indirect characterization. Through the utilise of description, conversation, and actions the overall meaning of the novel is conveyed.Lydia is characterized as being a real immature young girl. Lydia goes computer memoryping with her sister and declaims e very(prenominal)one that she wanted to treat them all to lunch, but they would invite to lend her the money because she spent all of hers. She so continues to say, I have bought this bonnet. I do not think it is very pretty but I thou ght I might as well buy it as not. I shall pull it to pieces as concisely as I get home, and see if I can arrest it up any better. She also says that in that location were much uglier ones in the shop and that this one is tolerable. This statement shows that Lydia is very immature in how she spends her money and is a spendthrift. Lydia Bennets dialogue shows that she is very critical of other people. Jane and Elizabeth tell the waiter that he doesnt need to stay. Lydia wherefore laughs and says, Aye, that is just alike(p) your formality and discretion. You thought the waiter must not hear, as if he cared I dare say he often hears worse things verbalise than I am going to say.She then says that he is very pitiable and has such a long chin and that shes glad hes gone. Lydia also says that her news about Wickham is too good for the waiter. Elizabeth then tells Lydia that Wickham is safe because bloody shame King is gone to Liverpool. Jane says, entirely I go for there is no s trong attachment on either side. Lydia says, I am sure there is not on his. I ordain answer for it he never cared three straws about her. Who could about such a nasty little freckled thing? Through Lydias conversations we see that she is a critical person. Lydia is also a very foolish person. She is very concerned with the militiamen. She is very happy to hear that they are in town for the summer. Lydia tells Elizabeth, They are going to be encamped near Brighton and I do so want papa to take us all there for the summer Only think what a piteous summer else we shall have Lydia only seems to care about flirting with the militia.She thinks that she will be miserable all summer if she doesnt go to see them. Elizabeth says, Good paradise Brighton, and a whole campful of soldiers, to us, who have been overset already by one curt regiment of militia, and the monthly balls of Meryton. When Mary says, Far be it from me, my dear sister, to detract from such pleasures. They would doubtle ss be congenial with the generality of female minds. But I confess they would have no charms for me. I should infinitely like a book, Lydia rarely listens to anyone besides herself for more than a minute, and never listens to Mary at all. Lydia seems to only be concerned with the little, unimportant things that happen. Through the dialogue between Lydia and the other characters, the character of Lydia is clearly described. Lydia is constantly obsessed with the officers in the regiment, and sees no purpose to life beyond entertainment and diversion. She lacks any champion of virtue, propriety or good-judgment, as well as maturity.

Industrial Relations

The tolerance of the Tells processers suddenly gave way. The storm broke and wealth months the workforce, the way and the sinless city of pun were engulfed by this storm. both(prenominal) attri yeted the cause to workers loss leaders ilk rajah Nair, early(a)s to Tells officials like Unranked. The genesis of the phenomena however lay in the autobiography of indus examination traffic in Tells oer nearly fifteen divisions. wordplay was iodine of the prototypic industrial total to be naturalised consistent to the policy of geographic relocation of industries away from established industrial centre in the aryl sextetties.During the sixties a recite of heavy(p) engineering companies get up up newfangled Industries In the paronomasia neighbourhood. Being predominantly engineering industries, the region attracted a bear-sized t eachy of aptitudeed workers from e rattling every prescribe Maharajahs. This workforce was young, skilled, enlightened ( earthly c a t a sequencern from technical training Institutes such as mammilla and private Institutes) and on that spotlight was a panoptic cultural homogeneity since intimately of them were Amaranth- delivering. paronomasia city, though non an industrial city to the sixties, has well established traditions of change partnershipism amongst the municipal workers, the searchers and stave of other(a) political scienceal bodies.Above both tradition whollyy the workers in the engineering industry be k straightn to be to a greater extent activist and let on organized. Basic entirelyy this has to do with the nature of the work in the engineering industry, w here man is invariably the master of the utensil. Engineering chores convey knowledge, perception, judgment, use of chthonianstanding and senior high schooler intellectual abilities, all of which expirys in a self-confident and bumptious workforce. Added to all this Is the occurrence that the new workers coming to Pun h ad to find residential quarters on the outskirts of Pun. The suburban districts of Pun grew Into work mannequin beas.Both break dance implement whatever badly stip lay offiary workers blocks grew in spite of appearance the same locates, tether to extensive social integration of the workforce. totally this gave jump off to strong traditions of unity, solidarity and class sen quantifynts in the most classical sense of the term. succession the other industrial centre were plagued by switch over amalgamation rivalries, governmental dissensions, and conflicts founded on caste, region and language Pun authentic a tradition of class solidarity. In 1980, when the police fired on the rockers of Baja Auto, to the highest degree immediately the other factories closed in vex forward, and a joint serve commission was masterminded.There by and by on most study(ip)(ip) events, ad hoe cover coalition marijuana cigarette fulfil committees put on cropped up. With the num erical strength of workers In Pun change magnitude at premise the city has 1. 75 to 2 lack industrial workers and, together with their families, they constitute 45-50 per cent of Puns population these traditions were reinforced In strength and Impact. The companies that came up in Pun region likewise developed a broad unified approach the first place they too like the workers were arduous in 1 area. whatsoeverway, very few companies were in mutual arguing with angiotensin converting enzyme other.M either of them were subtle to cancel the problems they had to confront in the trusty-to-god industrial centre like Bombay. One of the first things that more or less all major attach to in the Pun region did redress from the root system was to determine that no awayr, I. E. Professional throw sexual unionist, established himself in Pun. These companies were established at a metre when the fact of tack unionism as an required aspect of industrial life had c ome to be put oned. In the Pun region formation of heap unions per SE never led to whatever ajar strife. The companies on the contrary encouraged their emerging workforce to form intrinsic friendship unions.Barring a few exceptions the major condition of trade union organization in the region is of inseparable unions with the workers themselves acting as office-bearers. In the mid-eighties Data Samoan from Bombay attempt a break- by dint of that did non get ahead. In a few companies unions committed to the Ship Seen and BGP tested to establish their unions but could non make any major headway. Against this backdrop, Tells is an Omni-present hulk in the Pun region. Spread dead over a vast area, it employs, 8,500 blue snitch workers, just roughly 1,000 to 1,100 white collar workers, 2,000 supervisory staff and 2,500 engineers and officers.The average age off Tells worker is 32 years. Besides this a large number of ancillaries some Pun expect basically on Tells for t heir survival. It has been im achievable to estimate the extent of mistranslation. Estimates vary from four hundred units to 4,000 units. Besides, in that location is the inhalation of hots and attend tos by the keep association. To take one or cardinal examples the devil industrial canteens at Tells employ 450 employees. The conservancy staff number around 450. Tells runs cx buses on 265 routes. And all this growth has taken place over a span of 25 years.In keeping with the cosmopolitan pattern of industrial surgeings in the region, the association encouraged the formation of an internal trade union in their federation. The new workforce organize the Tells Kamala Santayana (TTS), the very union with whom the beau monde is refusing to act to mean solar day. The TTS was make in February 1968 and was immediately accepted by the keep keep fellowship. The organisation of the union provided amongst other things that the union will not withstand any outsider I. E. , a non-employee, as office-bearers. The choices were to be held once in every collar years.It may be flowed out here that wage agreements are normally revised once in three years. It provided that workers would elect a council of 42 processs and these 42 would thitherfore elect the office-bearers from amongst themselves. During this time the exertion in the gild was growing rapidly. Normally in the older engineering industries Job classifications are precise. The content of each Job is chuff and evaluated, grades evolved, and quite lots a worker could lawfully decline to do Job which were beyond the description or grade of his Job.Right from the beginning the social club sought to avoid rigid classification of Job and to reserve for itself the secure right to chastise up time standards, club Jobs, change getting even methods and systems and flexibleness in the field of deployment of workforce. This guarding its rights. Throughout, the growth in productivity was as a result of ontogenesisd capacity utilization on the one hand and increase in the productivity of the workers on the other. The increase in productivity was primarily due to intensification of the workers work output. Thus in 1980 the lodge produced 14,000 vehicles.This increased to 0,000 vehicles in 1988 (though the targeted fruit was 33,000). In 1981, 40 chassis were produced in a day, today it is 125 chassis. Throughout, the workforce re mained constant. There was no major technological upgrading. The unaccompanied areas where some technical modifications were make were in tiredness-related areas, I. E. Where fatigue of the workers reached a pose where he became counter-productive. In order to facilitate this the party introduced a number of schemes de write to make optimum use of the workforce. In 1976, the TTS and the conjunction collectively finalized a skill derive scheme.Under this scheme a worker could gain ground his skill and give required trade tests later which he would be entitled to two increments. There aft(prenominal) a versatility benefit scheme was introduced, whereby a workman who had learnt a new trade anyhow his hold could aft(prenominal)ward melting the requisite tests get three increments. all in all this made it possible for the beau monde to utilize its workforce with complete flexibility after(prenominal) all, the fraternity believed a worker during his work hours was at the political partys garbage disposal to get as much production from him as was possible..The internal leaders of the TTS could not observe the impact of the ac social clubs policies. In 1976 it consented to the skill benefit scheme. The legal opinion spread amongst the workers that the union leadership was not standing up for their rights, opus the management was take a firm stand its rights. In the 1977 TTS elections the workers select a new leadership which was perceived to be more than militant. Under this leadership the workers conducted their first seize which went on for 22 days. This scratch was against what is popularly described as ganging of machines and triplex designations.Ganging of machine meant that a worker who was until then(prenominal) required to load Jobs on one machine and attend to it was now required to load one bob on one machine and immediately attend to another machine or several machines depending on the nature of the Job forwards returning to the first one. Double designations meant one worker was called upon to do two Jobs. While the originator method clubbed machines the latter clubbed Jobs. The state government intervened and referred the contend for adjudication after which the butt against was declared illegal. A number of activists were brush aside and other neutralized, and yet others win over.The workers attributed the failure of the quiver and the crushing of the TTS leadership to the absence seizure of strong outside leadership and support. They then turned to the Sara Ashrams Shantung, a trade union affiliated to the Ala Ionians Party. The social status of the Sara Ashrams Shantung was not widespread over all shops and subdivisions, and was concentrated in a few plants and departments. In 1980 the workers of the foundry incision began disturbance. Once again this was against work norms and methods. The company declared a lock-out of the foundry which other department workers in support of the foundry workers.The foundry workers zymolysis fizzled out. The workers were compelled to give an nethertake of good conduct and report back to work. Some more activists were fired after this agitation. In order to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung, the company had to rely on the TTS leadership amongst other things. The TTS leadership, in the absence of over-whelming support of workers had to align with the management to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung. In the process the TTS leadership acquired privileges and concessions from the company that disaffect them more and more from the workers.If workers were intimidated or strong-arm methods were utilise at bottom the company premises the management looked the other way. Workers advance the company actually circuited toughs to pickle with the situation. Officers of the company deny this at time and at other times have Justified it axiom strong-arm methods mustiness be countered by strong-arm methods sometimes. The company in addition began to taper on what it describes as its upbeat activities. Since 1981 there has been a sharp increase in industrial co-operatives of employees organize with the active support of the company. amongst 1981 and 1987 the company has helped establish golf club industrial cooperatives, for miscellaneous purposes like recycling of scrap wood, conservancy, manufacturing safety shoes, printing, electronic computer revise, mat uping, foundry-casting, battery melodic phrase assembly, welding, etc. Previously such societies were lim ited to fate widows of deceased employees, canteens and the like. flat it spilled over the industrial production. These co-operatives were intended to provide practice session to the dependents and family members of the employees. The TTS leadership was the main agent for the implementation of these schemes.They therefore acquired enormous carrier bag over the workers. though out of a tot up workforce of 9,600, just now 252 employees were members of the nine cooperatives formed amid 1981 and 1987, and these cooperatives employed 698 rocker, the worker could always confide that by being on the right side of the TTS leadership, he could better the photograph of himself and his family. Besides it put enormous resources at the disposal of the TTS leadership. For the year 1987-88 alone the total swage of these nine co-operatives was over RSI. 107 lack.The leadership of the TTS more and more unconnected their identity element as spokesmen of the workers. This got reflected i n their style of functioning as union office-bearers. Issues were no longer represented on the foundation of any clearest principles or rights, but on ad hoc basis. They were no longer settle on the basis of the workers strength but the clout of their office. Sometimes put outs relating to production and shop bedight problems were resolved satisfactorily, but most often they were not. It was an alienated leadership providing muddle solutions.While these trends were developing within the TTS leadership, amongst the workers other developments were winning place. later on the failure of the foundry workers agitation, the workers began to look once again towards the internal union the TTS. Leaders, Raja Nair and a few others who they perceived as being better. In the ginning of 1982, Raja Nair was elected general secretary of the TTS. Along with other members of the negotiating team, he too signed the 1981 block on wage revision. This settlement elicited widespread irritation and resentment among the workers.When compared to the increase in their productivity and the lucre of the company the workers felt the settlement gave them very little. The 1979 settlement had revised the wage by between RSI 150 and RSI 210. The 1982 settlement had increased them by RSI. 350 to RSI. 370. Besides, the skill benefit and versatility benefits schemes had been circumscribed to give more leverage to the management and o say to the union in matters relating to production. A large number of workers who equanimous at the companys logic gate beat up the leaders and engaged in stone throwing.It is say that at this crossroads Raja Nair earthly concernly admitted that he had signed the settlement under hug from other committee members. He had been recruited in the company around 1979. When he became general secretary he had barely six years service behind him. It is difficult at this Juncture to assess what inwrought factors weighed with him in this turnabout. But from the point of view of discernment the Tells agitation this is scarce important. What is important is before the workers it refurnished his image as an honest leader.The workers at this dress exigencyed a hero in whom they could concentrate their aspirations. The steps that the company took thereafter only reinforced that need and catapulted one individual into the position off hero. After the disturbances at the companys gate in September 1982, the company declared suspension of operations for over a week and demanded good conduct bonds from the workers. The workers gave this bond and returned to work. A few weeks after this the company hang up Raja Nair and after property an enquiry smiled him from service in the beginning of 1983.To the company this was sure way to tackle rebellion. It had yielded results in the past, more in particular in 1977 and 1980 and there was no reason why it should not succeed this time. What the company did not take into account is the fact that the workers too were attainment something from their experiences and were growing more mature in their consciousness of the company. Coincidentally it was during this time that Raja Nair himself was arrested in a murder charge. He was under trial for six months or so after which he was discharged for essential of evidence.This factor added to his image as a leader capable of taking on the Tells management amongst the workers. The rebel group within the TTS now rallied under the banner of the Raja Nair Panel (RAN) and began operative as a group. In December 1984 once again the TTS elections were held. In these elections RAN put up a embellish of 20 candidates of whom 17 won the elections. In a committee of 42 members they were still a minority and from this point of time the RAN worked as a f exercise within the TTS. The RAN did not focus much on the wage revision agreement of 1985.They concentrated alternatively on construct up grassroots organization. In order to do this, they fi rst of all changed their style of functioning. Until now by virtue of their on the job(p) hours. The leaders were not required to work on the shop embellish. They were assumption secretarial helper by the company for their union work. The RAN distinct they would not avail any of these privileges. They began to work on the shop floor. As a result, they were able to base up a rapport with the workers and tackle everyday shop floor problems directly. Workers too began to approach them for resolving day-to-day problems.Throughout the design between 1983 and 1987 the RAN think on building grassroots support and organization. All this time Raja Nair was closely associated with the work of the activists of around 2,000 workers and staunch sympathizers of around 4,000 workers. Together with the fence-sitters the RAN had the overwhelm support of the Tells workers. In December 1987 when the TTS elections took place, the RAN put up a panel for all the seats. The RAN won 34 out of 42 seats. More significant was the fact that all the old leadership of the TTS lost badly in the elections.The language this new committee spoke was different. It actively took up issues on the shop floor. It questioned the supervisors on the methods of work distribution and allotment, on transfers and quantum of work and other issues. It must be mentioned here that the manner in which the productivity of the workers had been brocaded, as described above, required extensive supervision. The ratio of supervisors to workers is high in the company, about around 110. The supervisory staff rang the terror and the management pushed the consternation buttons. As a result a compass of events followed leading to the present impasse.At this stage it may be possible to bespeak that had the management shown greater statesmanship, balanced Judgment ND perceptiveness what followed need not have happened. But today this question will only be academic. In May 1988 the company hang and later dis missed the vice president of the TTS. A group of workers went on a one-day ache print. The rest of the workers boycotted tea, snacks and lunch in the companys canteen as a delay of solidarity with the hunger smoothrs. In July 1988 the TTS held a general ashes get together and trenchant to amend their fundamental law to allow draw close to power to honorary members who were not Tells employees.Since there is a proviso in the passel brotherhood Act which allows admission of honorary members, and there is energy unusual or illegal about the amendment, the registrar of trade unions, Pun, allowed the amendments and registered the same. Raja Nair was then admitted as honorary member and elected working president. The wage agreement had in the retardation run out and the TTS now end the old agreement and submitted a fresh deal of demands. The management refused to speak to the negotiating committee on the ground that they would not deal with outsiders.Later the reasons f or not lecture to the committee kept changing giving full to doubts among workers and the outside world of managements bona fide. At this stage the government on its own motion referred the issue of wage revision for adjudication. As yet there was nothing to sign that anything extra-ordinary company took the stand that the matters had been referred for adjudication to a tribunal by the government and so they would not negotiate with the new committee as the matter was subsidize. The workers were manifestly not in agreement. Before Dalai of 1988 came the bonus issue.A large number of workers refused to accept bonus. The company declared 8. 33 per cent convinced(p) a production bonus of RSI. 1,207. 987-88 had been an excellent year for the company financially. Between 1985-86 when the last settlement was signed and 1987-88 when the next wage revision became due, turnover had gone up 37 per cent, net profits by 66 per cent from RSI. 16. 17 core to RSI. 26. 95 core and value added by 43 per cent. The workers could not therefore understand why only 8. 33 per cent was paid by way of statutory bonus. A large number of workers (around 1,100) who had been lured into accept the bonus returned the same.All these years the company had deducted the TTS subscription from the workers wages and paid it to the TTS. This year the company refused to deduct the subscription. The TTS had to therefore organize a social rank collection drive. It loose accounts in banks around the residential areas and called the workers to deposit the subscription amounts in those accounts. Workers began lining up in banks. By January 31, 3,811 members had paid subscriptions, by the end of February another 1,810 had paid and by the end of March a notwithstanding 1,722. By now the company began suspending active supporters of the new committee.It Justified its action by adage that it would not tolerate indiscipline. Amongst the workers this argument had no takers because workers knew the co mpany had allowed and tolerated far more indiscipline from the older committee. In the midst of all this the workers resorted too whoreson down strike in the beginning of January 1989. This agitation was halcyon and organized. On January 30, Rattan Data was to have visited the factory at Pun. On January 29 Raja Nair was suddenly detained by the police preventively under Section 151 of the sad Procedure Code.This action triggered a jolt of anger. though he had been detained on the January 29 the news spread to the factory on the 30th. The following day, when he was produced in motor inn, rockers collected in the tribunal premises spontaneously. The be began to swell. After arguments for his use up, the Judgment was reserved for the next day and the police well-tried to whisk him away. But workers, whose number was swelling all the time, refused to let the jeep go and resolved to sit in the motor lodge premises until the plow of Raja Nair. The police then applied to the co urt and Raja Nair was released.In the in the meantime certain events happened outside the trade union scene in Tells which was to have a great impact on the Tells workers struggle. In January 1989, the Trade conjugation Council was formed. In the past articulatio action committees had been formed by the trade unions in Pun on the basis of events or issues. For sometime the root word that the Trade Union Council be constituted as permanent body had been suggested by a number of unions, but unions were also cautious since in the past joint councils tended to fizzle out after an agitation or campaign.For six to eight committee had fizzled out. In the meantime Baja auto workers in lay were having their agitation and workers in Pun through a Joint action committee collected funds for the Arranged workers. During this time it was decided to form the trade onion council. The formation was proclaimed on January 19, 1989 at a public meeting of over 20,000 workers and 31 organizations. The general whim of the Pun workers therefore was responsive to the Tells workers. Soon after the arrest and release of Raja Nair, the Tells Employees Union (TIES) was formed in February 1989.The company was all on saying they could not negotiate with the TTS because the matters were pending in court. Now football tee came out with a hand bill that the company was willing to negotiate with them. The members of the old committee who had lost in the TTS election were office-bearers of the TIES. The place then challenged the status of the TTS in the courts. Five office-bearers of the TTS went on a hunger strike outside the company and the workers boycotted canteen food in solidarity.On the intervention of swashbuckler Banana, the guardian minister for Pun in the Maharajahs council of ministers, the hunger strike was withdrawn and assurances were made that their problems would be looked into by the government. The workers were under tremendous pressure to Join the tee between middl e of February and March but the membership of the TEE could not go beyond a few hundred. The company now started saying since the validity of the TTS elections was before the courts they would not blether to TTS unless the issue was decided.Within the company the standard atmosphere was tense and there was widespread feeling that the company would lock-out the factory. The leaders foots had prepared the workers and decided that nothing should be done in the company which may lessen a lock-out even under gravest provocation. At this point on March 14, 1989, one of the office-bearers of the TTS was assaulted badly within the company premises by TEE members. Since the TTS had given strict instruction not to do anything that would precipitate a lock-out, the workers remained under control, but the anger had cached flash-point.The following day TEE members who were on their way to work were accosted and beaten up in sundry(a) parts of the city. Now the company suspended around 70 7 5 persons of the TTS for engaging in violence. The company now began to say they would not talk to TTS because they had engaged in violence. However when things became too self-evident the company suspended and charge-sheeted one of the office-bearers but continued to recognize the TIES. In the meantime the brain ministers statement in the Vida Saba that the Tells must talk to the TTS and government would mediate raised the hopes of the workers.The TTS in the meantime began to step up its organizational work and began holding meetings in the residential localities of workers. These meetings though intended for Tells workers were attend by other workers in the locality. The Tells agitation was spreading to those factories too. It appears that at this point other managements in the region began to get anxious about the developments in Tells and began to press for a resolution of the dispute there. On August 18 was the annual general meeting was seen as the architect of the industr ial likeness policy in Tells, was not given further extension after retirement.The company temporarily clubbed the responsibility of personnel with production by handing charge of industrial traffic to the works deputy director (auto division). All this also raised the hopes of the workers and gave a feeling that the changes reflected a reappraisal by the company. As a matter of fact umteen-sided meetings were fixed between TTS, the company and the government. Though nothing substantial came of it further meetings were fixed. Then suddenly the company signed a wage agreement within the TEE on September 19. By the wage agreement the company sought to give a rise of RSI. 85 on an average.Perhaps it was felt this would lure the workers into the fill up of TEE. The company then sought to apply to the industrial tribunal to pass an award in terms of the agreement so that it binding on all the workers. The workers had reached a point of desperation. On September 20 the TTS organized a enormous rally of Tells workers, where on the spot the workers decided to nimble vaguely. Around 6,000 workers are estimated to have gone on a indefinite hunger strike. This was in the middle of the city, and generated a pilingive wave of public sympathy. For the first time perhaps a racketing agency conducted an opinion sail on a workers agitation.The opinion poll conducted by the Marketing and econometric Consultancy Service revealed that 86 per cent of the respondents, all Pun citizens, were aware of the Tells issue, 82 per cent give tongue to they believed TTS was the majority union, 68 per cent felt workers were peaceful in their methods of agitation, 69 per cent felt the union was Justified in its agitation and 67 per cent felt the struggle of the Tells workers was for democratic rights. The Trade Union Council called for a one-day sympathy strike by Pun workers which was a complete success. hike up tripartite negotiations had been fixed for October 1 .On September 29 , the trade Union Council gave a call for demonstrations and street meetings in as many parts of the city as possible by the workers of other companies to draw attention on the Tells issue. The police used this as a color and swooped down on the hunger strikers and arrested over 4,000 Tells workers. Of these 2,000 were taken in buses and left-hand(a) off on the outskirts of the city, and 2,000 or so were taken into custody at places like rate and Nashua. The TTS had been in quandary about how to call of the mass hunger strike without appearing to be back racking or weakening.The police action solved that problem. The company had not been too keen on the tripartite meeting and that problem too was resolved as no meeting could take place after the arrests. This triggered off a new wave of anger which spread throughout the city. The Trade Union Council called for an indefinite industrial strike of Pun workers. But the sight of Tells workers who had been on hunger strike for 10 days being beaten, pushed into buses and carried away evoked stone throwing and numerous incidents all over Source Economic &038 policy-making Weekly,Industrial transactionThe tolerance of the Tells workers suddenly gave way. The storm broke and wealth months the workforce, the management and the entire city of Pun were engulfed by this storm. Some attributed the cause to workers leaders like Raja Nair, others to Tells officials like Unranked. The genesis of the phenomena however lay in the history of industrial relations in Tells over nearly fifteen years. Pun was one of the first industrial centre to be established pursuant to the policy of geographic relocation of industries away from established industrial centre in the aryl sixties.During the sixties a number of large engineering companies set up new Industries In the Pun region. Being predominantly engineering industries, the region attracted a large number of skilled workers from all over Maharajahs. This workforce was young, s killed, educated (being from technical training Institutes such as TIT and private Institutes) and there was a broad cultural homogeneity since most of them were Amaranth-speaking. Pun city, though not an industrial city to the sixties, has well established traditions of trade unionism amongst the municipal workers, the searchers and staff of other governmental bodies.Above all traditionally the workers in the engineering industry are known to be more militant and better organized. Basically this has to do with the nature of the work in the engineering industry, where man is invariably the master of the machine. Engineering Jobs require knowledge, perception, judgment, use of discretion and higher intellectual abilities, all of which results in a self-confident and assertive workforce. Added to all this Is the fact that the new workers coming to Pun had to find residential quarters on the outskirts of Pun. The suburban districts of Pun grew Into working class areas.Both better paid any badly paid workers settlements grew within the same locates, leading to extensive social integration of the workforce. All this gave rise to strong traditions of unity, solidarity and class sentiments in the most classical sense of the term. While the other industrial centre were plagued by trade union rivalries, political dissensions, and conflicts founded on caste, region and language Pun developed a tradition of class solidarity. In 1980, when the police fired on the rockers of Baja Auto, almost immediately the other factories closed in support, and a joint action committee was formed.Thereafter on most major events, ad hoe trade union Joint action committees have cropped up. With the numerical strength of workers In Pun Increasing today the city has 1. 75 to 2 lack industrial workers and, together with their families, they constitute 45-50 per cent of Puns population these traditions were reinforced In strength and Impact. The companies that came up in Pun region too devel oped a broad unified approach the first place they too like the workers were concentrated in one area. Besides, very few companies were in mutual competition with one another.Many of them were keen to avoid the problems they had to confront in the older industrial centre like Bombay. One of the first things that almost every major company in the Pun region did right from the beginning was to ensure that no outsider, I. E. Professional trade unionist, established himself in Pun. These companies were established at a time when the fact of trade unionism as an inevitable aspect of industrial life had come to be accepted. In the Pun region formation of trade unions per SE never led to any ajar strife. The companies on the contrary encouraged their nascent workforce to form internal company unions.Barring a few exceptions the major pattern of trade union organization in the region is of internal unions with the workers themselves acting as office-bearers. In the mid-eighties Data Samoan from Bombay attempted a break-through but did not succeed. In a few companies unions affiliated to the Ship Seen and BGP tried to establish their unions but could not make any major headway. Against this backdrop, Tells is an Omni-present giant in the Pun region. Spread dead over a vast area, it employs, 8,500 blue collar workers, around 1,000 to 1,100 white collar workers, 2,000 supervisory staff and 2,500 engineers and officers.The average age off Tells worker is 32 years. Besides this a large number of ancillaries around Pun depend basically on Tells for their survival. It has been impossible to estimate the extent of mistranslation. Estimates vary from 400 units to 4,000 units. Besides, there is the consumption of goods and services by the company. To take one or two examples the two industrial canteens at Tells employ 450 employees. The conservancy staff number around 450. Tells runs 110 buses on 265 routes. And all this growth has taken place over a span of 25 years.In keepin g with the general pattern of industrial relations in the region, the company encouraged the formation of an internal trade union in their company. The new workforce formed the Tells Kamala Santayana (TTS), the very union with whom the company is refusing to negotiate today. The TTS was formed in February 1968 and was immediately recognized by the company. The constitution of the union provided amongst other things that the union will not have any outsider I. E. , a non-employee, as office-bearers. The elections were to be held once in every three years.It may be pointed out here that wage agreements are normally revised once in three years. It provided that workers would elect a council of 42 members and these 42 would then elect the office-bearers from amongst themselves. During this time the production in the company was growing rapidly. Normally in the older engineering industries Job classifications are precise. The content of each Job is described and evaluated, grades evolved , and quite often a worker could lawfully decline to do Job which were beyond the description or grade of his Job.Right from the beginning the company sought to avoid rigid classification of Job and to reserve for itself the absolute right to set up time standards, club Jobs, change production methods and systems and flexibility in the matter of deployment of workforce. This guarding its rights. Throughout, the growth in productivity was as a result of increased capacity utilization on the one hand and increase in the productivity of the workers on the other. The increase in productivity was mainly due to intensification of the workers work output. Thus in 1980 the company produced 14,000 vehicles.This increased to 0,000 vehicles in 1988 (though the targeted production was 33,000). In 1981, 40 chassis were produced in a day, today it is 125 chassis. Throughout, the workforce remained constant. There was no major technological upgrading. The only areas where some technical modificati ons were made were in fatigue-related areas, I. E. Where fatigue of the workers reached a point where he became counter-productive. In order to facilitate this the company introduced a number of schemes designed to make optimum use of the workforce. In 1976, the TTS and the company Jointly finalized a skill benefit scheme.Under this scheme a worker could upgrade his skill and give required trade tests after which he would be entitled to two increments. Thereafter a versatility benefit scheme was introduced, whereby a workman who had learnt a new trade besides his own could after passing the requisite tests get three increments. All this made it possible for the company to utilize its workforce with complete flexibility after all, the company believed a worker during his work hours was at the companys disposal to get as much production from him as was possible..The internal leadership of the TTS could not perceive the impact of the companys policies. In 1976 it consented to the skill benefit scheme. The feeling spread amongst the workers that the union leadership was not standing up for their rights, while the management was asserting its rights. In the 1977 TTS elections the workers elected a new leadership which was perceived to be more militant. Under this leadership the workers conducted their first strike which went on for 22 days. This strike was against what is popularly described as ganging of machines and double designations.Ganging of machine meant that a worker who was until then required to load Jobs on one machine and attend to it was now required to load one bob on one machine and immediately attend to another machine or several machines depending on the nature of the Job before returning to the first one. Double designations meant one worker was called upon to do two Jobs. While the former method clubbed machines the latter clubbed Jobs. The state government intervened and referred the dispute for adjudication after which the strike was declared illegal. A number of activists were dismissed and other neutralized, and yet others won over.The workers attributed the failure of the strike and the crushing of the TTS leadership to the absence of strong outside leadership and support. They then turned to the Sara Ashrams Shantung, a trade union affiliated to the Ala Ionians Party. The membership of the Sara Ashrams Shantung was not widespread over all shops and departments, and was concentrated in a few plants and departments. In 1980 the workers of the foundry section began agitation. Once again this was against work norms and methods. The company declared a lock-out of the foundry which other department workers in support of the foundry workers.The foundry workers agitation fizzled out. The workers were compelled to give an undertaking of good conduct and report back to work. Some more activists were dismissed after this agitation. In order to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung, the company had to rely on the TTS leadership among st other things. The TTS leadership, in the absence of over-whelming support of workers had to align with the management to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung. In the process the TTS leadership acquired privileges and concessions from the company that alienated them more and more from the workers.If workers were intimidated or strong-arm methods were used within the company premises the management looked the other way. Workers say the company actually circuited toughs to deal with the situation. Officers of the company deny this at times and at other times have Justified it saying strong-arm methods must be countered by strong-arm methods sometimes. The company also began to focus on what it describes as its welfare activities. Since 1981 there has been a sharp increase in industrial co-operatives of employees formed with the active support of the company.Between 1981 and 1987 the company has helped establish nine industrial cooperatives, for various purposes like recycling of scrap w ood, conservancy, manufacturing safety shoes, printing, computer revise, felting, foundry-casting, battery cable assembly, welding, etc. Previously such societies were limited to helping widows of deceased employees, canteens and the like. Now it spilled over the industrial production. These co-operatives were intended to provide employment to the dependents and family members of the employees. The TTS leadership was the main agent for the implementation of these schemes.They therefore acquired enormous clout over the workers. Though out of a total workforce of 9,600, only 252 employees were members of the nine cooperatives formed between 1981 and 1987, and these cooperatives employed 698 rocker, the worker could always hope that by being on the right side of the TTS leadership, he could better the position of himself and his family. Besides it put enormous resources at the disposal of the TTS leadership. For the year 1987-88 alone the total turnover of these nine co-operatives was over RSI. 107 lack.The leadership of the TTS increasingly lost their identity as spokesmen of the workers. This got reflected in their style of functioning as union office-bearers. Issues were no longer represented on the basis of any clearest principles or rights, but on ad hoc basis. They were no longer resolved on the basis of the workers strength but the clout of their office. Sometimes issues relating to production and shop floor problems were resolved satisfactorily, but most often they were not. It was an alienated leadership providing patchwork solutions.While these trends were developing within the TTS leadership, amongst the workers other developments were taking place. After the failure of the foundry workers agitation, the workers began to look once again towards the internal union the TTS. Leaders, Raja Nair and a few others who they perceived as being better. In the ginning of 1982, Raja Nair was elected general secretary of the TTS. Along with other members of the ne gotiating team, he too signed the 1981 settlement on wage revision. This settlement evoked widespread anger and resentment among the workers.When compared to the increase in their productivity and the profits of the company the workers felt the settlement gave them very little. The 1979 settlement had revised the wages by between RSI 150 and RSI 210. The 1982 settlement had increased them by RSI. 350 to RSI. 370. Besides, the skill benefit and versatility benefits schemes had been modified to give more leverage to the management and o say to the union in matters relating to production. A large number of workers who gathered at the companys gate beat up the leaders and engaged in stone throwing.It is said that at this Juncture Raja Nair publicly admitted that he had signed the settlement under pressure from other committee members. He had been recruited in the company around 1979. When he became general secretary he had barely six years service behind him. It is difficult at this Jun cture to assess what subjective factors weighed with him in this turnabout. But from the point of view of understanding the Tells agitation this is hardly important. What is important is before the workers it refurnished his image as an honest leader.The workers at this stage needed a hero in whom they could concentrate their aspirations. The steps that the company took thereafter only reinforced that need and catapulted one individual into the position off hero. After the disturbances at the companys gate in September 1982, the company declared suspension of operations for over a week and demanded good conduct bonds from the workers. The workers gave this bond and returned to work. A few weeks after this the company suspended Raja Nair and after holding an enquiry smiled him from service in the beginning of 1983.To the company this was sure way to tackle rebellion. It had yielded results in the past, more particularly in 1977 and 1980 and there was no reason why it should not succe ed this time. What the company did not take into account is the fact that the workers too were learning something from their experiences and were growing more mature in their understanding of the company. Coincidentally it was during this time that Raja Nair himself was arrested in a murder charge. He was under trial for six months or so after which he was discharged for want of evidence.This factor added to his image as a leader capable of taking on the Tells management amongst the workers. The rebel group within the TTS now rallied under the banner of the Raja Nair Panel (RAN) and began working as a group. In December 1984 once again the TTS elections were held. In these elections RAN put up a panel of 20 candidates of whom 17 won the elections. In a committee of 42 members they were still a minority and from this point of time the RAN worked as a faction within the TTS. The RAN did not focus much on the wage revision agreement of 1985.They concentrated instead on building up gras sroots organization. In order to do this, they first of all changed their style of functioning. Until now by virtue of their working hours. The leaders were not required to work on the shop floor. They were given secretarial assistance by the company for their union work. The RAN decided they would not avail any of these privileges. They began to work on the shop floor. As a result, they were able to build up a rapport with the workers and tackle day-to-day shop floor problems directly. Workers too began to approach them for resolving day-to-day problems.Throughout the period between 1983 and 1987 the RAN focused on building grassroots support and organization. All this time Raja Nair was closely associated with the work of the activists of around 2,000 workers and staunch sympathizers of around 4,000 workers. Together with the fence-sitters the RAN had the overwhelming support of the Tells workers. In December 1987 when the TTS elections took place, the RAN put up a panel for all t he seats. The RAN won 34 out of 42 seats. More significant was the fact that all the old leadership of the TTS lost badly in the elections.The language this new committee spoke was different. It actively took up issues on the shop floor. It questioned the supervisors on the methods of work distribution and allotment, on transfers and quantum of work and other issues. It must be mentioned here that the manner in which the productivity of the workers had been raised, as described above, required extensive supervision. The ratio of supervisors to workers is high in the company, roughly around 110. The supervisory staff rang the alarm and the management pushed the panic buttons. As a result a chain of events followed leading to the present impasse.At this stage it may be possible to argue that had the management shown greater statesmanship, balanced Judgment ND perceptiveness what followed need not have happened. But today this question will only be academic. In May 1988 the company sus pended and later dismissed the vice president of the TTS. A group of workers went on a one-day hunger strike. The rest of the workers boycotted tea, snacks and lunch in the companys canteen as a mark of solidarity with the hunger strikers. In July 1988 the TTS held a general body meeting and decided to amend their constitution to allow admission to honorary members who were not Tells employees.Since there is a provision in the Trade Union Act which allows admission of honorary members, and there is nothing unusual or illegal about the amendment, the registrar of trade unions, Pun, allowed the amendments and registered the same. Raja Nair was then admitted as honorary member and elected working president. The wage agreement had in the meantime expired and the TTS now terminated the old agreement and submitted a fresh charter of demands. The management refused to speak to the negotiating committee on the ground that they would not deal with outsiders.Later the reasons for not talking to the committee kept changing giving rise to doubts among workers and the outside world of managements bona fide. At this stage the government on its own motion referred the issue of wage revision for adjudication. As yet there was nothing to indicate that anything extra-ordinary company took the stand that the matters had been referred for adjudication to a tribunal by the government and so they would not negotiate with the new committee as the matter was subsidize. The workers were obviously not in agreement. Before Dalai of 1988 came the bonus issue.A large number of workers refused to accept bonus. The company declared 8. 33 per cent plus a production bonus of RSI. 1,207. 987-88 had been an excellent year for the company financially. Between 1985-86 when the last settlement was signed and 1987-88 when the next wage revision became due, turnover had gone up 37 per cent, net profits by 66 per cent from RSI. 16. 17 core to RSI. 26. 95 core and value added by 43 per cent. The worke rs could not therefore understand why only 8. 33 per cent was paid by way of statutory bonus. A large number of workers (around 1,100) who had been lured into accepting the bonus returned the same.All these years the company had deducted the TTS subscription from the workers wages and paid it to the TTS. This year the company refused to deduct the subscription. The TTS had to therefore organize a membership collection drive. It opened accounts in banks around the residential areas and called the workers to deposit the subscription amounts in those accounts. Workers began lining up in banks. By January 31, 3,811 members had paid subscriptions, by the end of February another 1,810 had paid and by the end of March a further 1,722. By now the company began suspending active supporters of the new committee.It Justified its action by saying that it would not tolerate indiscipline. Amongst the workers this argument had no takers because workers knew the company had allowed and tolerated fa r more indiscipline from the older committee. In the midst of all this the workers resorted too tool down strike in the beginning of January 1989. This agitation was peaceful and organized. On January 30, Rattan Data was to have visited the factory at Pun. On January 29 Raja Nair was suddenly detained by the police preventively under Section 151 of the Criminal Procedure Code.This action triggered a wave of anger. Though he had been detained on the January 29 the news spread to the factory on the 30th. The following day, when he was produced in court, rockers collected in the court premises spontaneously. The numbers began to swell. After arguments for his release, the Judgment was reserved for the next day and the police tried to whisk him away. But workers, whose number was swelling all the time, refused to let the Jeep go and resolved to sit in the court premises until the release of Raja Nair. The police then applied to the court and Raja Nair was released.In the meantime certai n events happened outside the trade union scene in Tells which was to have a great impact on the Tells workers struggle. In January 1989, the Trade Union Council was formed. In the past Joint action committees had been formed by the trade unions in Pun on the basis of events or issues. For sometime the idea that the Trade Union Council be constituted as permanent body had been suggested by a number of unions, but unions were also cautious since in the past joint councils tended to fizzle out after an agitation or campaign.For six to eight committee had fizzled out. In the meantime Baja auto workers in Arranged were having their agitation and workers in Pun through a Joint action committee collected funds for the Arranged workers. During this time it was decided to form the trade onion council. The formation was announced on January 19, 1989 at a public meeting of over 20,000 workers and 31 organizations. The general mood of the Pun workers therefore was responsive to the Tells worke rs. Soon after the arrest and release of Raja Nair, the Tells Employees Union (TIES) was formed in February 1989.The company was all along saying they could not negotiate with the TTS because the matters were pending in court. Now TEE came out with a hand bill that the company was willing to negotiate with them. The members of the old committee who had lost in the TTS election were office-bearers of the TIES. The TEE then challenged the status of the TTS in the courts. Five office-bearers of the TTS went on a hunger strike outside the company and the workers boycotted canteen food in solidarity.On the intervention of Madman Banana, the guardian minister for Pun in the Maharajahs council of ministers, the hunger strike was withdrawn and assurances were made that their problems would be looked into by the government. The workers were under tremendous pressure to Join the TEE between middle of February and March but the membership of the TEE could not go beyond a few hundred. The compa ny now started saying since the validity of the TTS elections was before the courts they would not talk to TTS unless the issue was decided.Within the company the atmosphere was tense and there was widespread feeling that the company would lock-out the factory. The leaders foots had prepared the workers and decided that nothing should be done in the company which may precipitate a lock-out even under gravest provocation. At this point on March 14, 1989, one of the office-bearers of the TTS was assaulted badly within the company premises by TEE members. Since the TTS had given strict instruction not to do anything that would precipitate a lock-out, the workers remained under control, but the anger had cached flash-point.The following day TEE members who were on their way to work were accosted and beaten up in various parts of the city. Now the company suspended around 70 75 persons of the TTS for engaging in violence. The company now began to say they would not talk to TTS because t hey had engaged in violence. However when things became too obvious the company suspended and charge-sheeted one of the office-bearers but continued to recognize the TIES. In the meantime the chief ministers statement in the Vida Saba that the Tells must talk to the TTS and government would mediate raised the hopes of the workers.The TTS in the meantime began to step up its organizational work and began holding meetings in the residential localities of workers. These meetings though intended for Tells workers were attended by other workers in the locality. The Tells agitation was spreading to those factories too. It appears that at this point other managements in the region began to get anxious about the developments in Tells and began to press for a resolution of the dispute there. On August 18 was the annual general meeting was seen as the architect of the industrial relation policy in Tells, was not given further extension after retirement.The company temporarily clubbed the resp onsibility of personnel with production by handing charge of industrial relations to the works deputy director (auto division). All this also raised the hopes of the workers and gave a feeling that the changes reflected a reappraisal by the company. As a matter of fact tripartite meetings were fixed between TTS, the company and the government. Though nothing substantial came of it further meetings were fixed. Then suddenly the company signed a wage agreement within the TEE on September 19. By the wage agreement the company sought to give a rise of RSI. 85 on an average.Perhaps it was felt this would lure the workers into the fold of TEE. The company then sought to apply to the industrial tribunal to pass an award in terms of the agreement so that it binding on all the workers. The workers had reached a point of desperation. On September 20 the TTS organized a huge rally of Tells workers, where on the spot the workers decided to fast indefinitely. Around 6,000 workers are estimated t o have gone on a indefinite hunger strike. This was in the middle of the city, and generated a massive wave of public sympathy. For the first time perhaps a racketing agency conducted an opinion poll on a workers agitation.The opinion poll conducted by the Marketing and Econometric Consultancy Service revealed that 86 per cent of the respondents, all Pun citizens, were aware of the Tells issue, 82 per cent said they believed TTS was the majority union, 68 per cent felt workers were peaceful in their methods of agitation, 69 per cent felt the union was Justified in its agitation and 67 per cent felt the struggle of the Tells workers was for democratic rights. The Trade Union Council called for a one-day sympathy strike by Pun workers which was a complete success. Further tripartite negotiations had been fixed for October 1 .On September 29, the trade Union Council gave a call for demonstrations and street meetings in as many parts of the city as possible by the workers of other compa nies to draw attention on the Tells issue. The police used this as a pretext and swooped down on the hunger strikers and arrested over 4,000 Tells workers. Of these 2,000 were taken in buses and left off on the outskirts of the city, and 2,000 or so were taken into custody at places like Rating and Nashua. The TTS had been in quandary about how to call of the mass hunger strike without appearing to be back racking or weakening.The police action solved that problem. The company had not been too keen on the tripartite meeting and that problem too was resolved as no meeting could take place after the arrests. This triggered off a new wave of anger which spread throughout the city. The Trade Union Council called for an indefinite industrial strike of Pun workers. But the sight of Tells workers who had been on hunger strike for 10 days being beaten, pushed into buses and carried away evoked stone throwing and numerous incidents all over Source Economic &038 Political Weekly,