Core Competencies of Ebay

Core Competencies of EbayIn this report, t present is an analysis some the planetary comp whatsoever eBay. In the content, eBays core competency, appraise string, and the ch exclusivelyenges that eBay face testament be illustrated and analyzed in order to start out more soul of the differences with the other companies.Also, there is a local company Charles Keith is selected to do affinity with the eBays globalized dodging. After comparing each other strategy, then there testament be the critical analysis of it that whether the strategies ar labour utilize by each others.This analysis stand bys to illustrate an internationalistic art how it works same(p). Meanwhile, it gives the understand c recede the core competency and take account drawing string atomic number 18 the discern comp cardinalnts to create greater pass judgment to guests.IntroductionIn pace with straightaway growing of technology, toilet facility is given broadly by accessing the internet for chatting, e-mailing, film conferencing, plain making online payment, online shop, online auction, and other e-business activities. In instantlys war-ridden business marketplace, eBay is one of the made e-commerce online auction sites which was founded by Pierre Omidyar (Cohen, 2002).In 1995, eBay was officially rein perpetrated as an online merchandise weapons curriculum that operates person-to-person trading in a meshwork- ground auction format assemblage by Pierre Omidyar. As a matchmaker, eBay provides a stage for sellers and buyers to connect in worldwide, however, it could be individuals and businesses involve in buying and selling variety of goods and do of process. Invisibly, eBay provides a place where buyers and sellers merchant ship hands d sustain meet, exchange information ab reveal goods and outlays, manage sales at borderline be, and made collecting and bargain hunting fun (Bunnell and Luecke, 2000, p.14).In the worlds largest online market, as pioneer as eBay is, its virtual setting where capital, desire, and identity converge has progressed into a global economic, social, and cultural phenomenon (Hillis, Petit, and Epley, 2006). According to eBay self-characteristic which is leading a universal shopping destination on the internet virtually that has seen a driving force of global e-commerce. However, for surviving in the global market, eBay acquired PayPal in 2002, to en commensurate any person or business with an e-mail address to send and apprehend payments online securely, easily, and quickly. Besides, eBay in any case acquired SKYPE to enhance its operation thus maintain a authorized service standard (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009). collect to a global e-commerce business that eBay pursue, comparatively, challenges approximately translation software schema, digital divide, cultural attitudes well-nigh e-commerce, government regulatings, and the pace of international expansion are probably to be seen as obstacles in emergence (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009).Core Competency of eBayIn the case of eBay, the core competency which testament be analyzed in here is similar to the companys internal cypher in strength. According to Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson (2009, p. 103), core competencies are resources and capabilities that seen as competitive avail for the solid over its rivals, meanwhile, it is a mensurate-creating strategies to satisfy nodes needs. In order to meet nodes prospects crossways time, constantly improve, innovate, and upgrade their competencies is needed. Being a reinforced core competency, it must take mark some significant components which are including the perceived customer profit of the end produce and difficulty of imitation (Hiebing and Cooper, 2004).For the sake of further growth and steadily keeping the first leader position up in the e-commerce industry, the core competencies of eBay haveAn efficient distribution system with coach ed patented softwareIn eBays own website, there are series of stages that accept sellers to design, build up, monitor, and organize their busy auctions to sell outstanding thematic goods for those buyers are pull up stakesing to pay a premium price on it, whereas, buyers used eBays software to search carrefours and place evokes (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009).A developed proprietary software which is scalable, full-bodied, user interface and proceeding- addressing system that handle all aspects of auction process ( work out 1). For example (Figure 2), it sends e-mails when users register for the service, place a successful bid, and outbid. Moreover, it sends daily location updates to active sellers and bidders and maintains user registration information, account information, current auctions, and historical listings (Bunnell and Luecke, 2000, p.32). It provides toilet facility for two sellers and buyers to access eBay to check up the new status whenever.Figure 1 A uction procedure (I)Figure 2 Auction Process (II)Global ReachWith the mission of offering global trading platform where anyone could trade whenever at anywhere, eBay acquired the leading auction websites in 23 countries such(prenominal) as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, South Korea, capital of Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. People could find strange and cheaper products from eBay because of its global capability (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009).An Extensible StrategyAs a monopoly in Americas online auctions, eBays extensile strategy has provided variety of products, services, and markets. There are around 12 one thousand thousand online auctions set up in assorted countries and has dissever into 18,000 different categories. nearly approaching 2 million of new items are provided for sale likewise, there are 62 million registered users from eBay are glad to find the items here too. Thats why the competitors such as Yahoo and Amazon are delicate to access in the auction market to grab the market plough component part (Dror, 2003).Acquisitions and alliances with companiesBy associating Square Trade, Auctionwatch, AOL (Nerney, 1999), IBM (IBM and eBay Forge Broad e-business Alliance, 2001), Yahoo (Yahoo and eBay seal online deal, 2006) and acquired PayPal and Skype (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009) eBay has beneficially meet the customer satisfaction meanwhile obtain the greatest lengthiness to the users.Strong brand identity and recognitionA powerful and passing fuckd brand name commonly results in greater unit of mea sure enoughment sales and allows the seller to charge a premium over off-brand competitors (Bunnell and Luecke, 2000). eBay could have strong brand recognition and well known by nation are attributed by its global expansion and building up a strong user base. There is 67 percent market share from brand identity of eBay (Lee, 2007).eBays hear Chai nFigure 3 Porters repute Chain determineIn the Porters appreciate reach of mountains (Figure 3), it is a imitate to analyze the organizational process as activities that the firm to has the competitive advantage and create judge for the customer (Michael Porter Value Chain Model Framework, 2010). By analyzing the primary activities, eBay could able to see where the set can be added, thus, allow the business to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, look on chain becomes an important primal tool for any type of organization (Wickramasinghe and Lubitz, 2007).The margin (Figure 3) is as same as added care for, while the firm is divided into primary activities and support activities. Primary activities offer the customer a direct of comfort that exceeds the exist of the activities (The Value Chain, 2010) includes inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. On the other hand, the support activities are backing the p rimary activities to make sure these activities that a firm has the opportunity to create greater honour. Also, a competitive advantage may be attained by reconfiguring the pry chain so as to provide lower cost or break-dance differentiation (The Value Chain, 2010). In the following page, there is a value chain analysis of eBay that how it works with the value chain (Figure 4).Primary Activities (Bidgoli, 2004 ) incoming Logistics Internet Links facilitate posting of product information. Listings of products describe to customers.operations(Value Creation) Database search engine allows easy access to products. Dynamic pricing allows for bidding to determine market price.Outbound logistics Distribution is facilitated or the responsibility of seller. Escrow system attempt to limit fraud.Marketing and Sales Having first mover advantages and announce to create brand name advantages. Forums allow for community development.Service Database back up reports on sellers and buyers. eBay community that mass interacted with each other under a set of shared rules and expectations.Support Activities (Gopaikrishnan and Gupta, 2007)Procurement Does non take self-possession of the items being sold, thus reduces inventory management costs. Secure the lowest executable price for purchases of the tallest possible quality.Technology Development Uses online option to innovate, to reduce costs and to protect and sustain competitive advantage. Includes internet marketing activities, lean manufacturing, customer relationship management (CRM), and many other technological developments.Human option Management Developing a community whose members are unknown, devote among traders. quick Infrastructure-Management Information System (MIS) for planning and control-Operated much like a newspaper-classified section, it facilitated person-to-person transactions but did not get possession of the items being sold.Figure 4 -eBay Value ChainThe function of value chain is to reduce the cost and create as well as enhance the differentiation. eBay configure with its value chain activities which around the global world, the aim is to maximize the perceived value for its global users and lessen the costs of value making. By having the primary activities, coordination of the value chain is significant with the use of supporting activities which integrated all the activities into a solid whole.There are some(prenominal) factors affected eBay to configure value chain globally are including cost/price issue, business environments, translation software, logistics, and customers needs.Cost/Price issueAs operates a global networking, the currencies exchange rate, different wages rates in different country, inflation rates, and government regulations have deeply influenced the costs of the business expending as well as the price setting.Business surroundValue chain is configured in order to have strong competence to confront to the competitors like Amazon.com and Chinas we bsite Alibaba.com. By operating flexibly, it would able to help eBay to increase the competitive advantage.Translation SoftwareDue to eBay acquired auction web sites in many different countries, the dustup used in the website in any case would be different that each country has their own homegrown spoken communication. Therefore, value chain helps to maximize the technology development and thus offer convenience to customer.LogisticsHave imagen graph (figure 2) and mentioned how the eBay works. There are inbound logistics and outbound logistics. Therefore, value chain is configured to control the operation and minimize the cost on the way that eBay operates its auction website. Besides, it maximizes the perceived value to users by creating value to them finished the updates status.Customers NeedsAs mentioned before, eBay has the largest user base. To fully maximize the value to the customer and understand what they want, it is necessarily to configure value chain. By establis hing those value chain activities, those have influenced and shorten the distance surrounded by the users. It is a key factor that influenced not only a single country but it is multipurpose to be configured in all country that eBay entered.The more eBay continue the more eBay direct. Coordination is a crucial part in conducting a value chains model that how it helps to combine all the activities and works with the core competencies effectively and efficiently. If the coordination is well done in the value chain, the market share of eBay will be boosted up absolutely. There are several factors affected eBay to coordinate the value chain activities are operational obstacles and national cultures.Operational ObstaclesAs acquired many leading auction website, the communication in verbal and sign-language(a) have set up a barrier towards success. It is because misunderstanding the limited local language will hinder the related information of the products or service. Besides, the currency exchange rate measurement systems also bring out the paradox that has made users confused about the price indeed. The government regulations also acts as a main role in this factor that some countries have their own unique levelheaded that some products are veto to enter.National CulturesDifferent countries have different culture attitudes and perceptions. For example, most of the Asian countries like China and Japan they may not comfortable with acquire the product through website that without touching the product in reality. Or even China, they already have their own local leading auction website alibaba.com. Therefore, coordination of the value chain is critical to be adopted in eBay to confront the dilemma.eBays Value Chain is Characterized as VirtualIn the e-commerce business industry, eBay is a Web-based forum business that the firm is not producing any product and it upright acts as a matchmaker or middleman to help its users who are any individuals or busine sses to conduct the auction and provide a place for people connecting to each others in worldwide.eBay achieves competitive advantage and create value to the customer just only by keeping applying the extensible strategy to become new products, services, and markets. Due to e-business matchmaker eBay special business characteristic, it supports communication to value-oriented buyers and sellers, sustains the principles of trust and safety, guarantees low fraud losses and high security to its community transaction process by delivering state-of-the-art information technology (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009).In here, eBay is characterized as virtual value chain because of some reasons which are illustrated in the following.An online based only e-commerce business in the virtual marketspaceeBay is centralized its business in an online trading platform that only posting information of product and service or other comedies to its users. In the E-marketplace, it providing informa tion merely to the community is not counted as producing products also, eBay do not has any ownership to the physical product. eBay just acts as a catalyst between the sellers and buyers (Bidgoli, 2004).No economies of scale and scene is applied to the virtual value chain (Heterick and Twigg, 1999)It is because eBay pursue a matchmaking service that charges the closing auction price to gain the revenue only.There is no input and output (Heterick and Twigg, 1999)As mentioned that there is no any product is produced by eBay and it is launched as an online trading platform that conducted in the forum.Creates value chain through five activities that different from the traditional value chaineBay hookup and organizing information of the sellers product into a database then buyers can pick what to bid on. eBay synthesizing the requested information to buyers also. Besides, eBay also gathers, organizes, synthesizes and distributes information about the complaint from some(prenominal) sel lers and buyers (Rayport and Sviokla, 1995). From these several activities, these have created value to the users to show loyalty and trust on eBay.Implications to the Challenges IdentifiedThe challenges faced in the case of eBay are including translation software, digital divide, cultural attitudes about the e-commerce, government regulations, and the pace of international expansion (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009). Moreover, different currencies, customs regulations and inspections, and trade rules produce substantial barrier to eBay. Those are discussed in the belowTranslation softwareAs a global trading platform, eBay has to face the problem that describing the auction post into particular native language in order to be understood by those native languages of emf buyers. Yet, there is limitation of the translation software that usually imperfectly translates the native language has become obstacle for eBay to its global strategy (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009). Government regulationEach country presents unique cultural and legal challenges. It is a life-size issue that whether the product or service listed in the auction platform can be exported or imported to the countries (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009). For example, a French judge was faced a problem that the Nazi memorabilia is prohibited to enter in France.The digital divideMostly it will be faced in the developing countries like India and China that they mostly do not own their computer and the credit card as well. Due to the different direct of economic condition and lack of internet access, it is hard to enter into the particular country and that would be a risk.Cultural attitudes about e-commerceIn high uncertainty-avoidance cultures country like Japan, India, China, even the half of Asian are misanthropical of e-commerce transactions. They tend to purchase the items that are new (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009). Sadly, eBay was suffering in the problem that th e online trading is not attracted by them.Pace of international expansionDue to expand the business to the overseas is seen to be too rushed as a result, it brought out the difficulty for acquisition. The premium paid to acquire the overseas operation is getting increase (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2009).According to the eBays global strategy, majorly, eBay is carried out an abdominal aortic aneurysm global strategy. These AAA represents acquisition, activation, and activity. There are some implications to the challenges in today and in the future are shown in the followingMay ache the users as well as the customers loyaltyIf the translation software is not fixing well, it will probably influenced the users move to the another auction forum to continually their business. Invisibly, it gives the chances to Amozon.com to grab the market share from eBay. Besides, without the convenience that eBay gives, users will lose the patient to eBay and shift their loyalty to the competi tors.May earn an additional price from the translation and market share from developing countriesIn the future, by help the user translate the post meaning to him or her familiar language with a few dollars charges will help eBay to have another value chain activity to increase its value. Also, continually operate eBay auction forum in India and China would able to gain access into this tough market that their population all are quite high.Without knowing the country legal may get in problemeBay must respect and recognize to each country legal environment in order not to against with the countrys legal issue. From the experience, eBay must try to improve and enhance the relationship between each countrys governments.Gain study experiences to the cultural attitudeBefore go in the particular country, eBay must do a critical Pestel analysis about the country so as to eliminate the chances to face the loss. Through the learning experiences in Japan, eBay learned the different cultura l attitude and their behaviour. In the future, eBay is able to be knowledgeable before it decides to enter a new expansion.The coincidence of the Globalized StrategyThe local company which is being picked up is Charles Keith. Charles Keith is a Singapore based port company. It is well known by selling the womans footgear and accessories. In today, Charles Keith has been over 170 franchises worldwide and be one of the successful story in the international chain. Its global expansion started at 2000, the outlets in 22 countries including Japan, Brunei, and Indonesia (Ramlan, 2010).In the following, there is a table (Figure 6) that showing a comparison of the globalized Strategy between eBay and Charles and Keith.AcquisitionFranchisingActivationPartnership with DBS pious platitude (Charles Keith ups ante by venturing into Asia, ME Europe, 2010)ActivityCombination of affordability and design (Tan, 2009)Recruiting Japanese and others nationality (Tan, 2009)normalization of employ ees and serviceFigure 5 Comparison of Global StrategyAs a result, there is no similar globalized strategy between eBay and Charles Keith. It is because eBay and Charles Keith are serving in different industry and their value chain is solely different. Why? It is because eBay only offers an auction website for the buyers and sellers to make business transaction. Its value chain is virtual value chain. On the other hand, Charles Keith is doing business in fashion industry that they produce, design, and selling by themselves. It is a traditional form of value chain that has input, output, economies of scale or scope.If eBays acquisition strategy is applied into Charles Keith to develop its expansion to overseas, it will be succeeded in spending enough amounts and having a clear Pestel analysis before entering a particular country. While, if Charles Keiths franchising strategy is applied into eBay, it will not be succeeded. It is because the eBays business model and the whole oper ation are cannot be franchising due to its special e-commerce background.Secondly, eBays activation is support to apply in Charles Keith because the strategy is aimed same perspective. In eBay, its activation is aimed at increasing the users participants like sellers and buyers. Therefore, to increase customers purchases, Charles Keith is possible to apply it. While, Charles Keith strategy that partnering with DBS intrust is encouraged to be applied in eBay in order to get enough investment.Activity of eBay also is encouraged to be used in Charles Keith in order to increase the volume of sales. While, combination of affordability and design is not encouraged to apply in eBay since they are different categories of business. Continually, the overseas recruitment is encouraged to be applied in eBay so as to get more understanding of the particular country culture. Lastly, that is about the standardization of product and service, in here, although the industry is totally differen t but they still can use same concept that is standardization to their service in both company.ConclusionIn conclusion, by analysing eBay business, it makes a lot of understanding about the company working in the global world. Core competency and value chain actually are having some integration, this two components are the key components that the company how to create the greatest competitive advantage and create value to the customer. Thus, it benefit customer, as long as get used to it, the customers show the loyalty to the company too.At the last part of the comparison of the globalized strategy, that is an evoke part that actually the globalized strategy between this two company all are having the fundamental concept that is how to increase the customers and the market share passim the worldwide.

Biography On Anton Van Leeuwenhoek History Essay

Biography On Anton avant-garde Leeuwenhoek History judgeHu objet dart lifespan is abundant of the deepest perspective towards the minutest aspects. Some of these be the entrust of our instinctive informantation while the remainders owe their majority to Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, the homophile to whom the knowledge base looked as the individual who grafted the preference for low details into our conscience. For those who are tin shag of his where virtuallys, need no mentioning, and for those who are oblivious, it would be just to translate that todays Microbiology would be an impossibility if it has not been accounted to his contri exceptions.Born in a Dutch family based in Deft, Leeuwenhoek grew up to walk in the dual locomote of a tradesman and scientist, who was best designated as The Father of Microbiology. He was likewise conside rosy as the set- congest microbiologist, and through his leniency in the im turf outment of the microscope, he ensured a proper establishme nt of Microbiology as an essential cog of science. Because of his valiant hardship, we have been able to savor ourselves through some exceptional microbiological technologies that stand prominence in both educational and medicinal applications. Animacules or microorganisms, as we refer to them today was the term that he coined to those individual-celled organisms that he low notice and described apply his handcrafted microscopes. Leeuwenhoek was in addition the commencement ceremony to document minuscule examination of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, and most essential, the flow of relationship in capillaries.If do concisely then Leeuwenhoek was ane of those rare contri justors, in the dearth of whom we would be still breathing in medieval period.THE BEGINNINGThe memorial offer to one of the most influential phenomena when Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was born on Oct. 24, 1632, in a decent Dutch family that was based in Delft, a base t experience of the nation of Nether lands. His father was a basket-maker, while his mother be extensiveed to a family of brewers.His parents, who seemed to be quite conservative in their approach favorite(a) to pull ahead his education informally. His subjects comprised of mathematics and phy prepareal science, but languold ages missed the companionship of his educational endeavors, and this probably explains Dutch being his only lingual acquaintance. contempt of the decency of his familial covertground, Leeuwenhoek had to leave his education in between and at the callous age of 16, he was sent to Amsterdam, to become an apprentice at a linendrapers fund. There, he familiarized himself with the peculiar aspects of the profession and employmented six social classs of his invaluable youth in gaining its expertise. However, soon his craving for the innovativeness dimmed the shed light on of his apprenticeship, and he left his prevalent profession to search for what truly inspired his desires. somewhat 1654, Leeuw enhoek registered his return to the hometown of Delft and in an auspicious level offt, he communed himself in a married relationship with Barbara De May. She bore him five children. The bond of marriage brought mandatory responsibilities on Vans shoulders and for its proper execution he bought a house and a shop and established himself in the business as a draper.For the substantial piece of years linen draping seemed to be the only profession that fortified his lenity in any commercial prospect to an extent that at one point it appeared that the draper would be his social attire for the rest of his life, which could have introduced a drastic paragraph in the pages of the taradiddle. Then, in the year of 1660, he was prescribed Chamberlin to the sheriffs of Delft. It was a post that he held for almost thirty-nine years.For the next bulky dozen years the identity of Chamberlin elucidated Leeuwenhoeks professional front and the rest of his activities were concealed by the obliv iousness. However, he must have developed the habit of scrape electron lenses to employ them in the formulation of simple microscope. The event that solidified the existence of his enliven occurred in the year 1668 when he journeyed to England in the companionship of one of his microscopes. He utilise it to examine chalk from the cliffs of Kent.At that cadence, Leeuwenhoek lacked any sort of professionalism in the plain of microscopy, and was unprepared to describe any logical conclusions. Vigilant rumination, conservative documentation and the prevention of hasty conclusions were the essentials of his concept. His was a firm be impositionver in the occurrence that each and every entity that dwells on this earth, be it living or non-living, is worth researching it could be anything like a dangle of rain, pepper-water, seeds, wooden bark, skin, on the fence(p) wounds and other visible contributors, a beetle colliding against a window, or something as simple as an itch on his skin. He was equally allured by the hypothesis formulated by the likes of Jan Swammerdam, Christian Huygens, Boerhave and Harvey. Leeuwenhoek was the first to monitor the poriferan Anisakis in the Hering. He in addition warned Hendrik most the worms in a idle Hering, in a letter that he sent to him he wrote Wormkens in de holligheit van de buyk van de haring.Leeuwenhoek was also the foremost person to discover that the written report of a living cell accounts to 80% water, and was the discoverer of the technique of microdissections on insects. This procedure enabled him to become a recipient of remarkable upshots that overshadowed the late standards that were in fashion in that particular time. Leeuwenhoek should be credited with the foundation of rhetorical microscopy, and it was a sheer luck for us that despite of the lack of reliable professionalism, he believed in a double-dyed(a) procedural observation, and only laterwards the decisive verification, he produce his findings. He examined everything, ranging from biological specimens to mineral objects. He even performed an experiment with the gunpowder rise and provided a valuable pass on to the French chief-commander to shorten the barrel in order to approach uttermost effect.Leeuwenhoek had a friendly and polite character, and he spoke with empathy and compassion about his fellow-men and ill people and visited them. His regular acquaintances were the lepers in a leper-hospital that was bricked in the urban center of Haarlem. However this account arose some contradictions, as it does not match to the debate of some authors who consider him as the owner of ascetic character.FIRST cognizance AND ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON dear like in a room draped in darkness, a brief speck of light is enough to enlighten an object of rarity. The miniscule visual manifestation that Leeuwenhoek assembled from the taste of the chalk embarked his intellect, which in turn resulted in an autonomous gradat ion from curiosity to intransigent passion. Soon, he devoted himself to the manufacturing of the microscopes and savored their aid in registering the slender twist of the minute organisms, and it is a belief that the origination of his curiosity dated back to 1665 when he read Micrographia*, a magnificent work published by Robert Hooke. It is believed that it was this work that had probably stimulated his adamant interest in the world of minuscule.*Note It is a historical account documented by Robert Hooke that comprised of thirty-years long observation that he performed through discordant lenses. The book was published in the auspicious month of September 1665, which was the Royal partnerships first key publication, and was the first scientific best-seller that inspired a wide public interest in the field of microscopy. It is also noteworthy for coining the biological jargon, cell.Nurturing his interest like a gardener nurtures his plants, Leeuwenhoek dwelled deeper into the c onstruction of microscopes, and it was during this period that he found the use of single lenses of very short focal length preferable than the compound microscopes that were graceful back then and the brilliance of the discoveries that he made using these back their reliabilities. Nonetheless, his resilience and austerity enhanced his observational skills and when the autumn applauded the arrival of the year 1673 through a progressive intensity, Vans attempts paid off via Regnier De Graff.Graaf, was a brilliant new(a) physician of Delft, who accidentally acquainted himself with the discoveries made by Leeuwenhoek and in a favourable swirl of doom, his discoveries generated an immaculate impression on the former(prenominal) one to an extent that he wrote a letter about the latters whole kit and boodle to Henry Oldenburg, Secretary of the Royal Society in London. This letter was published inPhilosophical Transactions,and Oldenburg wrote to the author requesting further communicat ions.Graafs initiative brought the microbiologist infra Oldenburgs conjugation attention that in turn resulted in the former writing a letter to the Royal Society*. His first letter contained some observations on the stings of bees. However, he never wrote an authentic scientific paper. The explanation of his discoveries was a dogfight of letters written in Low Dutch that sometimes were exceptionable by some corporation members.*Note The Royal Society was an constitution formed in 1662 under a royal charter apt(p) by Charles II. Devoted to register fresh technological developments in the field of science, the societys aim was to facilitate the scientists in achieving their goals.The initiators and perhaps the earliest members of the Royal Society who were also the designers of recent English Speculative Freemasonry, include prominent intellectuals from the undetectable college as William Viscount Brouncker, Robert Moray, Robert Boyle, William Petty, John Wilkins, Christophe r Wren, Robert Hooke, Elias, Ashmole and Isaac Newton. Although a direct evidence regarding to his early indulgence in the society is missing, the accumulation of the substantial number of clues indicate towards his line of business with a Vrijmetselaar or with the inspiration originating from Masonic attitudes.As it is believed that the superficiality certifies the outcome of ones intellectuality. Such occurred with Leeuwenhoek in the sign period of his relationship with the Royal Society. It was a probability that the organizational constitution of his papers would have biased the members minds who preferred a more mannered approach to the detailing. In a likely consequence, they challenged the existence of much(prenominal) minute organisms as his animalcules and waived the possibility of the authenticity of such idea.Leeuwenhoek, who overdress generosity in the beginning, soon became wearied of it and he presented the society with the thorough account of his methodical appro ach in estimating their sizes through their icy comparison to the objects that fell under the direct measurable dimensions. Through the subtraction of rational computations, he predicted their volumes from their perceptible diameters. Through the illustrational cohesion of his subjects and the spherical and objects he simplified his explanation for the members to agnize. He depicted the possibility of the existence of literally a million microbes in the volume that equals a grain of sand. By progressively comparing objects of decreasing size with one another, he prove for example that protozoanciliaare thousands-fold milder than a human h beam. even out though the successful exhibition of the protozoan cell, the society still attired doubt or so itself, so it wrote a letter and wished its interest in renting his microscope for a span of few days. However, Leeuwenhoek, who until now had developed a inseparable adoration towards his instrument denied its handover, even if it was transitory in character. The members were privy that until and unless a proper inspection would continue to facilitate its share of obliviousness, tab would not be possible. Therefore, in order to arrive to a judgement, they official two scientists- Nehemiah Grew and Robert Hooke to validate the credibility of his experiments.Credited with the new responsibility by the society, both the men initiated a serious attempt to corroborate Leeuwenhoeks observations. Their initial reason acquainted them to failure, which put his report under doubtful perspective. However, Hooke, who was adamant in his attitude, despite of the ambiguity, found a faint credibility in the microbiologists study. He again tried using a microscope with 330 X (power of magnification). The results that sec trial generated, brought a smile on his face, and confirmed Leeuwenhoeks success. Both the scientists report the resultant similarity in their observations and to those that Leeuwenhoek explained in his lett ers.The society, despite of its scepticism, accepted Leeuwenhoeks claims, and in the homogeneous year Graaf sent them a letter, they conveyed a delegation to Delft. Their speech communication relayed reluctance and showed an inclination towards a forceful methodical acceptance, but their party report confirmed Vans declaration.Just like in the morning, a drop of dew enhances the beauty of the leaf it perches in the same bearing the remarkable trademark of the microbiologists claims generated immaculate allurement over substantial number of prominent figures around Europe, which included even the Future Queen Anne of England and Tsar Pytor I of Russia. They failed in keeping themselves away from witnessing the demonstration of his marvels. His fame soon ensured his undeviating place in the history of science and a few years later he was elected to full membership in the society. However, his attendance to the organizations meeting registered absence, and did his cutaneous sense s on the societys membership catalogue.Leeuwenhoeks correspondence with the Royal Society was initiated through a series of letters that he wrote in Dutch, which then were translated into English or Latin and included in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. They were much reprinted separately. His entire observations were explained in letters that numbered to at least(prenominal) two hundred. They were turn to either to the society or to his friends.Leeuwenhoeks letters comprised of random observations with little cohesiveness that were written in an informal style. However, despite of the casualness that the definition of his observations attired, he avoided the spinal fusion of the facts with his speculations that could otherwise lead to confusion. His vigilance resulted in the effortless realization of numerous organisms that he described in his catalogue.To give some of the sense of smell of his discoveries, we present extracts from his observations, toge ther with innovational pictures of the organisms that Leeuwenhoek saw.An amusing facet to add in Antons life is that he considered his own artistic skills capable enough to bleed the vital task of illustrating his findings. Therefore, for almost all the instances, he hired limners* to stupefy that short of work.Note* Originated illuminators, i.e. artists and engravers that we now know as illustrators or commercial artists.LEEUWENHOEKS MICROSCOPESJust like a musician without his instruments or a painter without his brushes are mere statistical puppets in the pages of history, in the same way an founding to Leeuwenhoek without mentioning the medium of his genius would be just like a pizza pie served without any toppings.The number and quality of Leeuwenhoeks mikroskoops (as they were known back then) and the ones that survived share double certainty. However, through a mutual agreement it can be verbalise that he constructed at least several hundred of them, out of which about two hundred and fifty were complete. Amongst those most of them included a attach specimen and also about two hundred mounted lenses.geomorphologic MAGNIFICANCELeeuwenhoeks microscopes were simple magnifying sugarcoates comprised of single spherical or biconvex lens that were mounted amidst two copper, brass or silver plates. The size of the plates matched the modern microscopic slides, i.e. about 1/3 inches. The object that was subjected to the examination was raised, lowered, or rotated by threaded screws attached to the plate. His device also included one of the first mechanical micromanipulation systems. However, Hooke had already accomplished this with a touch of variediation. It was a possibility that Leeuwenhoek must have understood early that the shallow depth of field of strong microscopic lenses had ruled out concentrate on microorganisms by hand. Like modern objective lenses, his lenses were extremely venial with short focal lengths of 1-2 millimeters. There was req uirement with the lenses it was a need to load them about to the eyes, and adequate practice and good eyesight were mandatory factors for their usage. The plates were carven up to provide adequate grasp between the eyebrow and administration like a jewellers monocle loupe. Following a standard scientific procedure, the plates were held in a horizontal position with the threaded stem employ as a handle peeping away from the nose.Estimates of microscopes magnifying power vary from about 200 to 500 diameters, and if the higher number is true then he had achieved about a third or even a half of the highest magnification possible with visible light The sizes of the objects that he mentioned in his reports and the cheat that attired the detailing of his drawings do bear out their astonishing optical precision and to Antons own skills as one of the very first microscopists in history.LENSESAccording to the numerous references in legion(predicate) accounts of Leeuwenhoeks work consi der him as an inventor of microscopes. However, he did not invent his single-lens microscope. It is Robert Hookes Micrographia, which illustrates the conjectural benefit of using minimal possible number of lenses. Hooke also provided a detailed description of the process of the creation of picayune round lenses that involved the drawing and fusion of fine glass whiskers into fine spheres. His technique included the restore of multiple spheres to a sheet of wax for simultaneous pulverization and shine of the attachment sites of the whiskers. His methodical approach notices his practical experience in the construction of such lenses. He even explained the process of mounting a tiny single-lens on a needle-hole perforated through a thin metal plate, which was in exact resemblance with Van Leeuwenhoek microscope.Hooke presumed them to be the superior microscopes, but the annoying twirl of fate introduced him to a mordant outcome when the bother of their usage surfaced due to the need of guardianship them close to the eye. But as it is said that it is the lifes excruciating experiences that account to the learning of survival, such occurrence promote him to add an extra lens near the eye. This modification gave birth to the compound microscope and the lens is known as the eyepiece lens. Hookes indulgement with the microscope shows the possibility of Van Leeuwenhoek pickaxe up his design from Hooke, and therefore an speculation can be skeletal that the later one is better viewed as a discoverer or else than as an inventor.Even though we are to be believed, that Leeuwenhoek was the one who used to ground his lenses, but the fact is that its authenticity will always ambush behind ambiguity. His unvarying dissembling that an exceptional requirement of time, skill and effort were coherent ingredients of his construction method, is consistent with his common unwillingness to teach or encourage competitors. In the dearth of direct evidence, it can at least be speculated that he actually copied Hookes procedure and fabricated lenses by twist and fusing spherical globules with smoother planes than he could ever have accomplished by grinding.Once, a German sojourner Zacharias Konrad Zetloch Von Uffenbach gave a long visit to Van Leeuwenhoek who gallantly entertained him with countless wonders. However, instead of expressing his gratitude, the former one ungraciously wrote in memoirWhen we further inquired of Herr Leeuwenhoek whether he ground all his lenses, and did not spoil any? He denied this, but displayed long contempt for the winded glasses. He pointed out to us how thin hismicroscopia were, compared with others(This phrase seems to indicate that one man or the other had seen instruments of like construction that may have predated Antonjs own. ed.),and how close together thelaminaewere between which the lens lay, so that no spherical glass could be thus mounted all his lenses being ground, contrariwise, convex on both sides. As regards the blown glasses, Herr Leeuwenhoek assured us that he had succeeded, after ten years speculation, in learning how to blow a serviceable kind of glasses which were not round. My brother was unwilling to believe this, but took it for aDutch joke (a snide German euphemism for a lie ed.) since it is impossible, by blowing, to form anything but a sphere, or rounded end. von Uffenbach, 1710.Despite of the nature of Uffenbachs excerpt, the inducement of too much effort of the individual grinding of each lens is undeniable in comparison to the ones that are fabricated in a span of one of two minutes via a spirit lamp and a blowpipe. In a sharp contrast to the modern method, which governs the usage of a single microscope and numerous disposable slides fixed put on a fixed or moveable stage, Leeuwenhoek was in a habit of building a new microscope for separate captivating specimen. He considered the complete instruments as permanent settings for his choicest specimens, which is why it can be speculated that he faculty have built hundreds of them.Due the secrecy that Leeuwenhoek maintains in his methods, the predictability of his working always share ambiguity for an example, it is still unclear that how he obtained the prerequisite illumination to achieve his remarkable results. Clifford Dobell suggested that he might have ascertained some simple method of dark-ground illumination, whereas Barnett Cohen contradictorily stated that Van Leeuwenhoek might have exploited the optical properties of spherical drops of fluid containing the objects under observation.THE archway OF A DISCOVERERLeeuwenhoek through his resilient genius gave the field of Microbiology numerous discoveries that provided the foothold of which it boasts today. His researches in the life history of the lower forms of animal life directly counteracted the accepted principle that they are a result of impulsive regeneration or bred from corruption. He also showed that the weevils of granarie s that in his times were normally assumed to be bred from wheat, are grubs hatched from eggs deposited by travel insects. In his chapter on the flea, he not only provided a detailed description on his structure, but also traced out the whole history of its metamorphoses from its first emergence from the egg to the adulthood. Even today, if we perform a thorough observation of its exploitation process, we will find it extremely captivating.It is owed not so much for the precision of his observation, as for its incidental disclosure of the wonderworking unknowingness that was in existence back then in regard to the origin and propagation of this minuscule and despised creature, which some affirmed to be generated from sand, others from dust, others from the muck of pigeon and others from urine, but which he demonstrated to be gifted with as great excellence in its kind as any large animal, and turn up to breed in the regular way of winged insects. He even made the note of the fa ct that the pupa of the flea is sometimes attacked and fed upon by a mite. This very particular observation suggested the well-known lines of Jonathan Swift.Being drawn to the blighting of the young shoots of fruit trees that was generally attributed the ants found upon them, Leeuwenhoek was the first to find the Aphides, the ones responsible for the ailment. He then made a thorough investigation in the history of their generation and observed the young existing in the bodies of their parents. He also did a vigilant study of the history of the ant and was the first to reveal that the commonly vatical ant eggs are really their pupae, holding the perfect insect nearly ready for emersion, at the same time the true eggs are far smaller, and give origin to maggots or larvae.He also provided a detailed explanation of another fact that sea mussel and other shell look for are not generated out of the soil or sand found on the seashore or the beds of rivers at low water, but from spawn thr ough the regular course of generation. This way he successfully counteracted to the defense of Aristotles doctrine put forward by F. Buonanni, a wise to(p) Jesuit of Rome. He maintained the same in proving the authenticity of the freshwater mussels origination. The observation that he did on their ova was so fine that he witnessed the rotation of the embryo, a phenomenon that is believed to share its part of revelation long afterwards. With an equal enthusiasm, he investigated the generation of eels, which at that time were commonly supposed to be produced from dew without the ordinary process of generation.It is a surprise that the individuals who were a worshipper in it did not only comprise of ignorant, but respectable and learned men too. He not only entertained himself as the first discoverer of the rotifers, but he depicted hoe wonderfully nature has provided for the preservation of their species, by their tolerance of the drying-up of the water they inhabit, and the resist ance that they generated to the evaporation of the bodily fluids via the construction of an impermeable casing in which they then become enclosed. We can now easily conceive, he says, that in all rainwater which is quiet from gutters in cisterns, and in all water exposed to the air, animalcules may be found for they may be carried thither by the particles of dust blown about by the winds.A REVELATION SO PROMINENTWhen the pass steeped on the first step of the seasonal staircase and the year registered itself under 1974, Leeuwenhoek, through the induction of his brilliance, made an important discovery that was going to prove one of the major beneficiaries to the medical field. He provided a description of red blood cells, which was done with so much precision that he outshined his genesis Marcello Malpighi and Jan Swammerdam. In a fair estimation he catalogued their size, in modern terminology, 8.5 microns in diameter, the correct value is 7.7 microns.Leeuwenhoek sent a folio of s ic pages to the Royal Society, in which he wrote about the microscopy of blood, and the structure of bone, teeth, liver, and brain and the growth of epidermis. He also delivered finely cut sections of his specimens enwrapped in quatern envelopes pasted to the last sheet of the letter. He prepared them by his own hands for the interest of the society. These samples present great insight into Leeuwenhoeks manual adroitness as a microtomist.However, his talent for sample preparation got erased from the historical leaflets, part because his later discoveries were so much dazzling that they outshone everything else. The dependency of the precision of his observation was in a direct proportion to his meticulousness that was involved in the preparation of the slice of the sample. This reflects his infinitesimal patience. Many samples were successful in living for three-and-a-half centuries and are still viewable under the modern microscopes, but the others were destroyed by fungal grow th, due to moisture, and it is impossible to study them now.In the same year of 1674, he gave an immaculate description of the beautiful alga Spirogyra and various ciliated and flagellated protozoa that he discovered in a single vial of pond scum, which he had taken from the Berkelse Mere, a small lake near Delft. This occasion could be considered the simultaneous births of the fields of Microbiology, protozoology (now called protistology) and phycology. He also found that yeast consists of individual plant-like organisms.Eight years later in 1682, Leeuwenhoek gave a clarified description of the nucleus within the red blood cells of fish, and in the year that followed, he perceived the sedimentation of erythrocytes from a break and their lysis on the addition of water. In the same year, he discovered the lymphatic capillaries and mentioned them in the description of blood capillaries in the intestine. He explained them as different capillaries containing a white fluid, like milk.TH E INGREDIENT OF PROSPERITYFor the next copulate of years Leeuwenhoek depicted negligible accomplishment in explaining anything that could lead to the extraordinary advancement of the science of his time. His observations concerning the circulatory system of transparent tadpoles were obsolete, which only strengthened the popular notion of him following Swammerdam, Hooke and other anatomists. A time came when it seemed the Van would become only a little better than an average anatomist. Then, fate took a favourable turn of the situation when in 1676 he shifted his think on the objects that existed in the blind corner of the anatomists. They included cheese-rind fungi, animal sperm, gall liquid from different species of animals, crystals formed in urine, exploding gun powder, plaque that he extracted from his teeth, melted gust and a few others.However, the turning point of his occupational group and the one that can be related to the origination of biology occurred when he attemp ted to interpret black pepper, the spice that was the reason for numerous European merchants prosperity, and an invaluable ingredient to the Dutch painters still-life masterpieces. The cause of his curiosity was his want to understand the reason behind the sweltering hot sensation that it caused in the mouth. mordacious protrusions resembling the ones found in thistle or a nettle were the ones that touched his expectations. He presumed them as the entities that stung the tongue. However the revelation that the dry peppercorn provided when observed under his microscope, hardly matched his satisfaction. This led him to think that it is the combination with the saliva that initiates these thorns into action. Therefore, he drenched the peppercorns in sterile water, but when he looked at the laden peppercorns, instead of burry edges, he saw miniscule entities swimming in the water.However, that thought of those things to be some animalcules didnt appear in his mind. The examination of many types of water has grafted in him a very good understanding of wet purity, depending on the source. He had used sterile water from melted snow and covered the dish tightly so that nothing could fly from the air in the room. A couple of days later when he observed the pepper-water under his lens, he mentioned the observation something like this, the water is so thickened with them, that you might almost imagine you were looking at the spawn of fish, when the fish discharges its roe. His comprehensive notes reveal that he witnessed the existence of bacilli in that water. His experimentation continue from the month of April to the August with pepper-water. He made a note of everything he did and saw.Once Leeuwenhoek was done with pepper, he shifted his attention on ginger, cloves and nutmeg. He mean them and observed under his microscope, but not to unearth the reason of their taste, he wanted to compare their animalcules with those of pepper-water. From his meticulous descript ion of his observation of the spice waters and other diverse natural waters, it becomes apparent that he saw flagellates, ciliates, bacteria and rotifers.Leeuwenhoeks 18th letter to the Royal Society is regarded as is most liaison and immaculate account of description. It is also known as the letter on protozoa, it consists of seventeen pages of closely written text in a neat, small handwriting. A copy of the letter was also delivered to Constantijn Huygens, Christians father. It

Classifications of Government Expenditure

mixtures of brass ExpenditureThe benefit of the people of India highly depends on the cost of the governing of India (GOI). governance expending is a very important aspect of the presidential terms compute presented by the finance minister every fiscal. Through it GOI tries to maximise the welfare of the people by appropriately allocating sparing resources to various government activities.Government expenditure terminate be broadly classified into four categories working(a) Classification or Budget Classification In April 1974, the GOI introduced a recent accounting structure in order to serve the requirement of pecuniary control and accountability. Under this structure, a quint tier classification has been adopt sectoral, major operate, minor head, subhead, and detailed heads of accounts. Sectoral classification has clubbed the government functions into three sectors, namely, habitual Services, Social and community of interests Services and Economic operate. In t he new structure, a major head is assigned to each function and minor head is assigned to each programme. Each minor head include activities or schemes or organizations as subheads.Economic Classification Economic classification of the government expenditure signifies the way of the allocation of resources to various economic activities. It involves listing the government expenditure by significant economic categories, separating current expenditure from jacket expenditure, spending for erects and services from transfers to individuals and institutions, inter-governmental loans from grants etc. This classification provides a record of governments work in each sector of the economy.Cross Classification or Economic-cum- in operation(p) Classification Cross classification provides the break-up of government expenditure both by economic and by functional heads. For example, expenditure on medical facilities, a functional head, is split as current expenditure, capital expenditure, tr ansfers and loans. history Classification Accounting classification of the government expenditure can be presented under (i) gross enhancement and Capital (ii) Developmental and Non-Developmental and (iii) Plan and Non-Plan. Each classification of expenditure has an objective lens associated with it. For instance, Revenue and Capital expenditure indicates the creation of assets by government expenditure and unproductive expenditure. Further, the developmental and non-developmental classification differentiates the government classification as the expenditure on social and community services and economic service from that against cosmopolitan expenditure. Similarly, the Plan and Non-Plan expenditure represents the expenditure on planned schemes of government and non-plan expenditures.The supra classification of the government expenditure serves one or more of the purposes of the government, such(prenominal) as, parliamentary control over expenditure, economic development, outlay stability etc.Analysis of Government Expenditure in IndiaThe chart exitn under shows the division of government expenditure in terms of capital and revenue expenditure for some selected twelvemonths. The percentage share of revenue expenditure in government expenditure has cast upd over time due to increase in expenditure in society welfare.The growth story of the India can be said in terms of louver year plans which give an account of government expenditure during the plans. The first quint year plan (1951-56) laid emphasis on agriculture, including irrigation and power, wherein the government had spent 36% of its correction on these heads. The second five year plan (1956-61) marks the leach towards industrialization with an increased government spending in transport and communication sector with an contribution of 28.9% of its expenditure. The urge for industrialization continues even during the third five year pan (1961-66) with 24% and 20% public spending on Industry M inerals, and Transport and Communication several(prenominal)ly. Fourth to seventh five year plans have social services of education, health, welfare sharing a absolute majority of the pie with 24% and 26% expenditure in fourth and fifth plan.The 8 five year plan (1992-97) commenced the era of fiscal reform and liberalization. there were increased efforts to improve the economic growth and quality of life of the popular man. There were high public spending on the sectors like faculty (26.6%), Transportation and communication (20.8%) and Social and other services (19.6%). The Ninth five year plan (1997-2002) focussed on the development of infrastructure by allocating 72% of the funds to irrigation, energy, transport and communication and social service. The tenth five year had an objective of atleast 8% growth rate by providing a boast to power sector spending (26.56%) and increasing social Community services sector spending to 29.27%.COMPARISON OF INFLATION BASED ON CPI AND WP IConsumer Price Index (CPI), is outlined as the weighted add up change over time in the prices of a basket of the good and services consumed by a consumer. While, Wholesale Price Index is defined as the weighted honest change over time in the price of a basket of wholesale goods. Inflation rate is figure establish on the CPI and WPI as the percentage in the respective indices over time, generally a year.The calculation of inflation rates based on CPI and WPI form 1994-95 to 2006-07 is given in the table provided to a lower placeCPI and WPI differ in terms of their weights assigned to their respective share basket goods and services. Food has been assigned a high weight in CPI (46% in CPI-IW) as compared to a weight of only 27% in WPI. As a result, the CPI changes more with the change in the food process as compared to the WPI. Further, the fuel group has a such(prenominal) lower weight in CPI (7% on an average) relative to that in the WPI (14.2%). Consequently, the variations in international crude process affect the WPI more than CPI. Also, services are not include under WPI, but are included in the CPI to different extents. Hence, the CPIs are influenced by the service price inflation.Considering the data provided in the table above, it can be inferred that on an average CPI-IW inflation is higher than that of WPI inflation. Also, in terms of WPI inflation the period from 1994-95 to 1995-94 was of higher inflation, then the inflation decreases and increases again in 2000-01 and then decreases again. It can be seen that the inflation rate, both CPI inflation and WPI inflation, follows a cyclic pattern.

Heterogeneous Space In Architecture

Heterogeneous property In ArchitectureIn infinite Reader Heterogeneous Space in Architecture, Michael Hensel, Christopher Hight and Achim Menges discusses the possible salute of varied stead in modern architecture through examining the employment of billet in Modern and Post-Modern architecture,To get a line what constitutes heterogeneous plaza, let us examine each term. Most exactly, heterogeneous means something (an object or system) that consists of a diverse range of items or qualities, which can include contrarietys in kind as well as diversitys in degree. These could be multiplicities of things, abrupt changes or smooth gradients. However, the dominant approach to such(prenominal) diversities draws from a Platonic lineage that renders each the magnetic declinations in fibre to a model or perhaps a norm entirely appargonnt differences be here certainly however deviations from the model, their identity disposed by degrees of resemblance to a single uniso n. All variety show is seen as phenomena measured against this unity, which is seen as more real, crimson if it only exists as an nonsuch or statistical mean. This is true for dualism as well. Examples might be the tralatitious opposition of masculine and feminine, in which the latter is treated as a version of the first, or any number of racisms. Luce Irigaray has shown that the system of logic of dualisms involves non twain legal injury only only the semblance of two damage. Ph every(prenominal)ocentrism is the use of a netural or universal term to define both sexes within this structure, on that point is non one term, man, ant an new(prenominal) independent term that is denigrated, woman. Rather, there is only one term, the other being define as what it is non, its other or opposite. Irigarays claim is that woman is erased as such within this logic there is no lieu for women because taking their place is the specter or simulacrum of woman, mans fanciful counterpar t, that which he has expelled and other from himself. Gilles Deleuze has called this the Logic of the Same, and while it whitethorn appear either benign or despotic, it nevertheless always forecloses the cheating uncloudeding of real difference.Implicit in the pervasiveness of structures of binarization is the refusal to acknowledge the invisibility or negligibility of the subordinated term, its organic erasure as an autonomous or contained term. The binary structure non only defines the inside(a) term as the only term of the p standard pressure, nevertheless it infinitizes the negative term, rendering it definitionally amorphous, the receptacle of all that is excessive or expelled from the circuit of the privileged term. Yet while attempting to definitively and definitionally anchor foothold, while struggling for settled, stabilized federal agency sexual relation, while presenting themselves s immutable and givem dualisms atomic number 18 always in the act upon of subt le renegotiation and redefinition. They are considerablt more flexible in their scope and floor than their logic would indicate, for each term shifts and their values realign, while the binarized structure dust intact. It would be a mi lay on the line to assume that these oppositional categories are somehow improve or immune to re effectuateing and subtle shifts.Therefore, something crucial is at stake once one thinks of differences as a positivity alternatively than simply a variance from uniformity. Here we should distinguish border by difference and diversity in the way Deleuze described for philosophical traditions of ontology and epistemology in Difference and repetition (1968).Difference is non diversity. Diversity is condition, yet the difference is that by which the given is given. Difference is not a phenomenon only if the noumenon closest to phenomenon. .. both diversity and every change refers to a difference which is its sufficient reason. Everything which h appens and everything which appears is fit with orders of difference difference of level, temperature, pressure, tension, potential, difference of intensity.Deleuze argues that rather than naturalise the Logic of the Sames given of an underlying uniformity, we should accept the diversity of the universe as such and not attempt to reduce it. Once one accepts that diversity is irreducible rather than simply variations on or resemblances to an ideal model of Sameness, the problem operates not how to account for contrasts but how to think through multiplicities and how they happen and are correlate through other differences. Deleuze argues that such differences are Real, not effects of our lore or cultural constructions. Indeed, these differences produce the events, objects, and qualities that produce affective phenomena (such as temperature changes). Everything is produced via events of assortediation, even coherences and order. That is, while heterogeneity was once understood a s a divergence from an underlying uniformity of Being that needed explanation, now we need to apologise any apparent uniformity and ordering via processes of differentiation. Difference is alive(p) occupation of apparently coherent Beings-as-events. Thus, heterogeneity is a condition where phenomena of coherences across diversities are produced by processes of differentiation and can be understood and apprehended as such.This runs immediately into common ideas of spot as undiversified and inactive, ordered only by the imposition of form, movement, activities or boundaries understood as distinct from put itself. In other words, space is seen as the product of formal operations or as a achromatic and uniform space for such relations. Such commonplace are incompatible with the natural heterogeneity of things since space becomes an underlying or overlaying uniformity against which to read diversity. Obviously, the differentials sketched above occur in time but also in space. Th is field of relations veers through time and space, indeed is spatially configures through temporal transformations (for example, heated air produced a different spacing of molecules). Heterogeneous space indeed uncomplete pre-exists diversity, nor is it simply the effect of processes of differentiation rather, it is the immanent field of relations mingled with differentials. It is not unruffled but always flux, and therefore might be more precisely understood as the spacing through which difference manifests and is constituted via other differentials.The nature of heterogeneous space and homogeneous space can be studied by looking at Deleuze and Guattaris intervention of smooth and striated space using cheating and game of Go for likeness in A Thousand Plateaus.In chess, the pieces are hierarchically severalise while the board consists of a simple power grid that is almost neutral but polarized between two sides (analogous to battle fronts). The pieces move across the grid , but always with a bias to the two fronts. In occupying the spaces, the pieces change the strategical conditions of the game. However, the strategic space of the game is constructed by moving distinct objects in relation to one another across what ashes an essentially homogeneous and static field. In the game of Go, on the other han, the pieces are minimally differentiated (they are only black or white discs). mend chess pieces occupy the spaces of the grid as if they were enclosed territories, in Go the discs are located at cross-points of a untold larger grid field. Instead of moving, pieces are placed and remain, only being altered when surrounded by pieced of the opposite color. Players do not advance in fronts, but can place discs anywhere to control the board from all sides, attempting to frame conditions where the addition of one single piece might create a closed territory around some opposite colors and potentially instantly switch control of the board. Here, the piec es are not so much objects occupying territories within an otherwise homogeneous space as charges within a fluctuating field-space out of which territorial boundaries emerge or are held open across distances. What one manipulates in Go is thus the space of th game itself. While the typological pieces are dominant in chess, using translational dynamics to produce strategic effects, in Go space dominates the notational pieces, whose enormousness is determined purely by their relation to the space around them and is dynamic, safekeeping the potential for a multiplicity of outcomes at any stage. Chess poses active objects moving through a static space that is basically homogenous. In Go, space itself is in flux and cannot be reduced to a static frame of reference or ordering measure.For Deleuze and Guattari these two games suggest different ways of understanding the relationship between identity, agency and spacechess pieces entertain biunivocal relations with one another, and with th e adversarys pieces their functioning is structural. On the other hand, a Go piece has only a milieu of exteriority, or adscititious relations with nebulas or constellations as bordering, encircling, shattering. All by itself, a Go piece can destroy an entire constellation synchronically a chess piece cannot (or can do so diachronically only)Chess pieces are actors whose roles are defined a priori of the temporal spatial relationships, while those of Go are produced through the playing of a game. To extend this analogy, in the heterogeneous space like that of Go, identity and agency is produced via contingent spatial relationship with many similarly informed but also thereby differentiated actors. In chess, on the other hand, identity is given and occupies a given role and space as a sovereign subject in relation to others. The queen is always the most powerful piece a pebble in Go is critical or not only in relation to the space of the board it participates in constructing. The bo dy politics of chess requires a static space through which to organize itself the multitude of Go is at once constructed through space and a spatial construct. One plays Go by managing spatial differentials one plays chess by deploying already defined differences in space.Heterogeneous space can thus be contrasted to an isotonic space through which one moves. Rather than defining difference against a constant measure, or metric, of space as a ground, differentiation is produced via the immanent unfolding of spatial processes. These differentiations could be sudden or gradual, or both at different locations. Moreover, there can exist within the alike(p) dimensions a manifold set of such relationships these sets, or systems, might be intricately entwined or barely connected though they must be calibrated to each other in some way and not simply overlapped.In terms of design, this understanding of heterogeneous space would open that differentiation of use and complexity of form aris e from spatial qualities, and that these qualities are inseparable from its tangible conditions. This space could produce controlled but varied atmospherical effects as well as different performative capacities that are not determined by programmatic function. Such a space would necessarily be affective in relation to the actors and agencies that traverse it, enfolding subjective light with its material conditions. Moreover, these spatial affects would not be distince or th allow of formal organizations of matter but would be means through which material and programmatic organizations would be configured and manifested. Heterogeneous space in architecture is therefore neither difference produced by form within an overall uniformity (modern space) not a collage of distinct formal elements (Post-Modern space). Instead, the proposition of a heteroheneous spac would produce and permit differentiation and discontinuity of both quality and organization across multiple conditions within an overall coherency.In a certain sense, all of Deleuzes works, as Deleuze makes clear in his reading of Foucault, are about the outside, the unthought, the exterior, the surface, the simulacrum, the fold, lines of flight, what resists assimilation, what remains foreign even within a presumed identity, whether this is the intrusion of a peasant language into a majoritarian one of the pack submerged within an individual.It is significant that Deleuze, like Derrida, does not attempt to abandon binarized thought or to tack it with an alternative rather, binarized categories are played off each other, are rendered molecular, global, and are analysed in their molar particularities, so that the possibilities of their reconnections, their realignment in different system, are established. (desire) merchantman architecture inhabit us as much as we see ourselves inhabiting it? Does architecture have to be seen in terms of subjectivization and semiotization, in terms of use and meaning? pr ovide architecture be thought, no longish as a whole, a complex unity, but as a set of and site for comme il fauts of all knids? What would such an understanding entail?In short, can architecture be thought, in connection with other series, as assemblage? What would this entail? What are the implications of opening up architectural discourses to Deleuzian desire-as-production?Can is become something -many things other than what it is and how it presently functions? If its present function is an effect of the crystal of its history within, inside, its present, can its future be something else?How can each be used by the other, not just to affirm itself and receive outdoor(a) approval but also to question and thus to expand itself, to become otherwise, without anticipate any provolege or primacy of the one over the other and without assuming that the relation between them must be one of direct returns or translation?Architecture has tended to conceive of itself as an art, a scien ce, or a mechanics for the manipulation of space, indeed probably the largest, most positive and most powerful mode for spatial organization and modification.Deleuze claims that Bergson is one of the corking thinkers of becoming, of duration, multiplicity, and virtuality. Bergson developed his notion of duration in opposition to his understanding of space and spatiality. This understanding of duration and the unhinging of temporality that it performs are of at least validating relevance to the arts or sciences of space, which may, through a logic of invention, skip and transforms space and spatiality in analogous ways.Space is understood, according to Deleuze, as a multiplicity that brings together the key characteristics of externality, simultaneity, contiguity or juxtaposition, difference of degree, and quantitative differentiations.Space is mired in misconceptions and assumptions, habits and unreflective gestures that convert and transform it. Architecture, the art or science of spatial manipulation, must be as implicated in this as any other discipline or practice. According to Bergson, a certain habit of thought inverts the relations between space and objects, space and extension, to make it seem as if space precedes objects, when in fact space itself is produced through matter, extension, and movementConcrete extensity, that is to say, the diversity of sensiblequalities, is not within space rather it is space that we thrust into extensity. Space is not a ground on which real execution is posited rather it is real motion that deposits space beneath itself. But our imagination, which is preoccupied above all by the convenience of expression and the exigencies of material life, prefers to invert the natural order of the terms Therfore, it comes to see movement as only a variation of distance, space being thus supposed to precede motion. Then, in a space which is homogeneous and infinitely divisible, we draw, in imagination, a trajectory and renovate positions afterwards, applying the movement to the trajectory, we see it divisible like the line we have drawn, and every bit denuded of quality.Space in itself, space outside these ruses of the imagination, is not static, fixed, infinitely expandable, infinitely divisible, concrete, extended, continuous, and homogeneous, though perhaps we must think it in these terms in order to continue our everyday lives. Space, like time, is emergence and eruption, lie not to the ordered, the controlled, the static, but to the event, to movement or action. If we shut up motion in space, as Bergson suggests, then we shut space up in quantification, without ever being able to think space in terms of quality, of difference and discontinuity.Space, ineffect, is matter or extension, but the schema of matter, that is, the representation of the saltation where the movement of expansion would come to an end as the external gasbag of all possible extensions. In this sense, it is not matter, it is not e xtensity, that is in space, but the very opposite. And if we think that matter has a thousand ways of becoming expanded or extended, we must also say that there are all kinds of distinct extensities, all related, but still qualified, and which will swallow up by intermingling only in our own schema of space.It is not an existing, God-given space, the Cartesian space of numerical division, but an unfolding space, defined, as time is, by the arc of movement and thus a space open to becoming, by which I mean becoming other than itself, other than what it has been.It is to refuse to consider space as a medium, as a container, a passive receptacle whose form is given by its content, and instead to see it as a moment of becoming, of opening up and proliferation, a passage from one space to another, a space of change, which changes with time.

Modern Grammar Teaching: Reflection Notes

Modern Grammar learn Reflection notesDuring reading curriculum for this melodic theme I drop ensureed a lot more or less grammar and enunciateing as beam of lights for conference, and my own previseations towards inform. The theories I view looked at ache their strengths and weaknesses, so I scram dragged kayoed the parts that I consider of import from each sensation. I found out that there is not wizard outperform flak. However, it croup bring us closer to understanding how communicatory delivery principle works.The aim of this paper is to deepen my understanding of pedagogy and accommodateing this approach to using up as foundation in my future article of faith implement. My goal is that through examination of different views and theories I commode adapt a suitcapable approach to command. This anyow for help me to improve the lineament in my future inform habituates.Working with the course was the near intriguing in my learn drill. Planni ng a lesson can start out matchless to be creative and come up with different ideas. I throw off gained a lot of visualise by observing and teaching. Although teaching rule was elusive at times, I tried to do my exceed. I and my tutors had frequently guidance. They were uncivil to my ideas and this helped to progress in my teaching. I guard in condition(p) that it is all important(predicate) not to imitate teaching styles and be critical, but choose the teaching style that suits me most.I am aw ar that as a instructor I meet many contests both in the publication and didactics ara. These functions accommodate to be assessed angiotensin converting enzyme by one and there is no answer. What I commit is that if I guidance on macrocosm a homey (clear?) grown-up and keep a kind of distance towards students and be inaccessible at the same time, I can become an inspiring teacher, at least(prenominal) I hope to become.It is necessary for a teacher that students lear n from him/her. wizard of the objectives of the slope as a school subject is that verbiage is both a tool and a elbow room of gaining knowledge and personal insight. Students select to be aw are of row eruditeness, dialogue and understand culture, society and literature. These objectives are the core of the incline subject and I hope that I am the right person to be a mediator for this.Introduction in that location is an enormous demand for face teaching nowadays due to the expanding inquire for conversation accomplishments in side of meat style. Millions of people aspire to good dialogue skills in incline actors line. Teaching at school, exchange studies, travel, media, internet, newspapers are exclusively a few of the many opportunities to acquire side of meat. There is a gigantic necessity for quality phrase teaching and teaching materials/resources. Fluency and verity in English is indispensable not simply for academics but as well as for employees. In ready to succeed, one chooses good lecture skills, hence a prospered teaching method is constantly leadd. To submit himself/herself in writing and orally with several(prenominal) precision, blandness and coherence and drill staple well-formed and text structures of English orally and in writing are two of the Competence Aims in the English Subject Curriculum (http//www.udir.no). These competence aims give a freedom in choice of teaching methods.The investigate questions of this paper areIs communicatory phrase Teaching an approach that improves English teaching?Do we need grammar in spoken language teaching?In order to answer these questions I entrust first introduce the approach of communicative voice communication Teaching. Also exit I discuss the sack between fluency and accuracy, encyclopedism and acquire, inductive and deductive grammar teaching. For this purpose I chose to discuss different views of several theorists on communicative teaching Rich ardsRodgers, David Nunan, C.J. Brumfit, Stephen Krashen, David Newby and R. Ellis. heartMany Norwegian students experience a type of English attainment that does not encourage them to determine English as a communication tool. Unfortunately, the subject area of English language is wayed mostly on passing exams. Because of this, learners assume there is a connection between good results and proficiency. This is true, to slightly extent, but strong focus on scores and grades can convolute the goals of language learners. Students invest often a lot of time in study efforts, like drills that do not build their language competence. They focus more(prenominal) than and more on getting good examination scores, rather of building proficiency. These students will come to see language learning as an exercise favouring accuracy. English seen as a communication tool makes the language study more captivating. Students who experience as proterozoic as executable English as communication , talk face-to-face with aroundone from a strange country, read books published in English, watch movies, break-dance the ability to move with a totally new world.Fluency vs. accuracyThe serve of Language Teaching has changed significantly in the last years. Earlier views of language (for warning the Grammar Teaching Method) had grammatical competence in the centre. Language was seen as a set of norms and structures. The learner had a passive determination, and grammar books included mostly drills, gapped sentences and sentences for transformation. (Newby,1998184). Acoording to Brumfits theory (Brumfit,1980), learners need freedom to use the newly developed skills. Not al natural depressioning this would inhibit those abilities which are necessary for the most effective response to the predicted needs. violence on fluency is new method in immaterial language teaching. Brumfit (1980) shows that the use of fluency is the base of operations for a language curriculum, rather t han accuracy. dead-on(prenominal) construction of the steer language has always been a cornerstone in traditional syllabuses. Brumfit is uncertain about its unspoilt effects. Accuracy as basis in language teaching neglects adaptability and the ability to improvise, and written forms will incline to dominate spoken forms. Are learners more responsive to fluency? Brumfit(1980) points at the naive learner who achieves more progress on an oral basis of fluent and inaccurate language than a careful and accurate language. A communicative language teaching begins with communication. Brumfit points at the richness of Communicational exercises that need to match the stages in learner progress. According to RichardsRodgers(2006), Communicative Language Teaching is an approach that aims to communicative competence in language teaching. This approach aspires to develop procedures for language teaching that supports the connection between language and communication. David Nunan (1988) in h is Learner-Centred Curriculum studies the concept of language proficiency. The Communicative Approach originates from the theory of language as communication. Nunan mentions Chomskys distinction between competence and performance (Nunan, 198832). Competence summons to overtopy of the principles presidency language behaviour, that is the knowledge of grammar rules, and performance refers to the manifestation of these rules in literal language usage. Competence simply path knowledge of the language dodge( Hymes,197113) Hymes (1971)develops this theory promote and comes to the conclusion that if a speaker were to produce grammatical sentences without regard to the situation in which they were being apply, he would be considered deranged( Hymes,197114). Brumfit(1980) agrees with this and observes that beside knowledge of grammar one has to learn to use appropriately the language in living situations. Teachers cannot operate with a view of language simply as a descriptive system to be handed over to the learner language is a government agency of interaction, self-definition, aesthetic creation and clarification (Brumfit,1980116). In communicative language teaching errors are necessary for the learner in order to get a response on the learning situation. This way teaching strategies become more sensitive to the abilities and different individual needs (Brumfit,1980115). Failures operate as a diagnosis for the teacher, and motivation for students. Language is used in a process of thinking, discovering, family lineifying and manipulating. This process does not take place through language alone, so it demands our active use (Brumfit,1980120). The aim of language learners is contact, not assimilation. Fluency enforce helps the learner to use his limited amount of language for as broad a range of purposes possible only accurate address will communicate effectively. The main goal, according to Krashen(1981), is aid in performance. For this reason language tea chers should put learners into situations where they have to grope and paraphrase. According to Brumfit(1980), adjusting to other speakers, must be a central feature of communicative methodology.Acquisition vs. LearningStephen Krashen (1981) calls Communicative Language Teaching an ideal approach. His second Language Acquisition possible action contains 5 hypotheses. In the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, Krashen(1981) points to the existence of two separate processes that happen in language learning acquisition and learning. According to Krashen (1981), language acquisition is more central than learning in imprimatur language performance( Krashen,1981101). Language acquisition (intake) is a subconscious process similar to the way a kidskins language learning. Caretaker livery is an efficient method to encourage language acquisition. (caretaker speech= all input that is understand). Intake hypothesis develops the idea that one can acquire competence in a SL without ever produ cing it delaying speech when active listening is provided causes no delay. Krashen (1981) mentions a report on the American Indians who do not speak a language until they have learned it well (Krashen 1981108). The result of this hypothesis is the silent period the students are stipulation to period acquiring a new language. Krashen(1981) doesnt agree with theories that give tongue to that language is grammar, restrict vocabulary and focus on syntax. He essence that in order to encourage syntax acquisition, one has to emphasize vocabulary even knowing the words is complete to guess the content and syntax. oneness needs comprehension in order to acquire syntax (intuitions). Language learning (input), on the other hand, refers to the conscious learning of a second language, knowing the rules of thumb and the structure of the stain language. Krashen(1981) says that there is no need to provide any conscious learning in acquisition, because grammar rules describe only fragments of natural language. He gives ensample of performers who know the rule, but still cannot use it after many years, and performers who have acquired large amount of language without learning it consciously. (p.114). Krashen(1981) concludes that grammar study by itself is meaningless successful second language acquisition need both grammar and immersion. Acquisition may happen in intake-rich environments. robotic drill fail as optimal intake primary focus is on the form of the language. These might motivate students but is not enough (Krashen,1981). Communication is elicitd by more efficient exercises, such as meaningful, communicative drills. Foreign student peer group and helping foreign students get to know each other are also beneficial for intake.Communicative grammar. Inductive vs. deductive grammar teachingAccording to Newby(1998), many language classes in Europe focus mostly on teaching grammar, cut down to a form of mathematics and had niggling to do with the communication of ideas. Teachers use large portions of class time explaining rules, analyzing the grammar in sentences and drilling. Newby(1998) means that traditional grammar has to be analyzed again and replace some elements with a more communication -based theory of grammar. He intends that there is more than one view that provides all the answers. Newby(1981) discusses the difference between traditional, deductive grammar and modern, inductive grammar. While deductive grammar focuses on the presentation of language, on rules and testing of grammar, inductive grammar concentrates on the ability of choosing meaningful grammar in accepted contexts. Nevertheless, inductive grammar is not weak on grammar. Newby(1998) mentions that it includes redundant categories which offer the learner ways to communicate through grammar in actual situations. In the early stages of learning the learner learns to feel grammar and sees how it works. Language theorist Ellis R.(2002) claims that acquisition begin s with awareness. Testing at an early stage of language learning may inhibit learning, and learners end up confusing testing and teaching. all after gaining confidence may the learner use activities in order to integrate knowledge into other areas of their competence. Grammar is the final stage of the process, when communication happens in a context. Ellis(2002), claims that grammar shouldnt be say at learners but at those who already have sufficient lexis. Teachers should focus on difficult grammatical structures. moreover are there any disadvantages using this modern teaching process? Newby answers this with his view that modern grammar requires rethinking grammatical categories and re-orienting towards meaning. Teaching grammar can have a beneficial effect (Ellis) as long as it is directed on those who have sufficient vocabulary knowledge. Newby (1998) concludes that one has to be open to, but also critical of, all methodological approaches.ConclusionThis study has provided th e opportunity to learn more about grammar in the light of Communicative Language Teaching. I have shown that theories have a wide specter, with some of the theories for, others against grammar teaching. My tactile sensation is that both focusing on grammar accuracy and meaningful communication is equally important. It is teachers responsibility to choose the right task, considering the students background. I do not affirm that Communicative Language Teaching is the best approach of teaching English. and understanding its methods can be used as a significant source of ideas. literary works listBrumfit, C. Problems and principles in English teaching, 1980, Oxford Pergamon messEllis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition, 1991,Oxford Oxford University Press (Compendium)Hymes, D.H. On communicative competence, 1971, Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania PressKrashen, S.D Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning, 1981, Pergamon Press. (Compendium)Newby, David Theory and practice communicative grammar, 1998, Ablex Publishing Corporation. (Compendium)Nunan, D. The Learner-Centred Curriculum a Study in Second Language Teaching, 1988, Cambridge Cambridge University PressRichards, Jack C. and Rodgers, Theodore S Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, 2006, Cambridge University Press.http//www.udir.no/Artikler/_Lareplaner/_english/Common-core-subjects-in-primary-and-secondary-education/ 15.03.10SPEAKING SKILL IN THE LIGHT OF communicative LANGUAGE TEACHINGIntroductionThe Curriculum has 5 basic skills that are integrated in the competence objectives. In addition, the English subject has been merged into 3 main areas of competence aims language learning, communication and culture, society and literature. These subject areas supplement each other and must be considered together. One of the v basic skills of the curriculum is being able to express oneself orally.This paper discusses the skill of being able to express oneself in writing and orally in the light of Communicative language teaching, by drawing in experience from my teaching practice in a Lower Secondary schooltime (I decided not to go deeper into the theory of Communicative Language Teaching as I already did this in my previous paper). Finally, I will introduce strategies to improve speaking so as to make English teaching more effective.The main goal of this paper is to show the importance of using the address language in the classroom having a scratch point in Communicative Language theories.ContentUse of target language in the classPupils should be given the opportunity to speak English as some(prenominal) as possible during English lessons. For most of pupils, the classroom is the only place during their school years where they will have the chance to speak English.One of the five basic skills of the curriculum is being able to express oneself orally. English Subject curriculum says that being able to express oneself in writing and orally in En glish is a key part of developing English linguistic competence and is a common thread throughout the competence objectives at all levels. These skills are important tools in working on understanding and using English in increasingly varied and demanding contexts across cultures and subject fields. Having oral skills means being able to both listen and speak (http//www.udir.no).In my teaching practice I sight that an average Norwegian pupil speaks English too little or not at all during their trey years in Lower Secondary. What is the reason that pupils speak as little as they do, though Curriculum stresses the importance of speaking?One of the reasons is that English teachers focus mostly on accuracy, memorizing dialogues and learning to perform them fluently. This approach is successful and teaches pupils vocabulary and grammar but gives little practice in expressing own ideas in English. Could this be the reason why whenever pupils try to say anything else that differs from the memorized sentence, they have to gain for a long time to put easy sentences together? Language theorist David Newby (1998) describes language as a means of communicating messages between human beings in actual contexts (Newby,1998184 ). His view is that in real flavour language is used to exchange meaningful messages in actual contexts and this should be reflected in classroom ( Newby,1998 185).Another theorist, Krashen (1981), claims that simple free conversation and mechanistic drills are not efficient because communication is not stimulated. He considers meaningful, communicative drills and exercises as being highly effective. Unfortunately, drills are very common in language teaching, while genuine speaking is neglected. This might explain why some of the students ability to speak is far behind their knowledge of grammar or vocabulary (Krashen,1981 103).Experiencing communication in my teaching practiceI started my teaching practice by 2 weeks of observation of an 8th grade class with 23 pupils. When I started observation, the 8th class was at the end of a project with my tutor. The aim of this project was to design a poster about a tourist attraction in London or about homeless people. They were go awayed to use media sources (magazines, newspapers, Internet, books), encouraging authorized language in real context. Time frame was approximately 9 hours at school. Pupils worked with a partner, which advance relationships and gave opportunity to work together. The pupils were supposed to read and understand the plan presented in the learners book about designing a poster. The teacher went through the task reading loudly and explaining step by step, quite of giving the pupils the opportunity to honor out for themselves. What I have noticed was that all instruction was made in Norwegian, not in the target language. I was surprised by this, because I do not see the reason having English at school if you do not practice it. If teachers do not have the c ourage to speak fluent English, they cannot expect that students will do it. Listening and speaking exposure is essential in order to communicate effectively. It is also important in writing activities, because all skills are necessary and skills are inter-related and build upon each other. Professor Diane Freeman(2000) points out to the significance of using the target language not only during communicative activities, but also for explaining the activities to the student or in assigning formulation (Freeman,2000132). The tutor explained to me that she used Norwegian in order to make things easier and as a teacher she has to adapt teaching to the students. I believe that low expectations discourage students. English was little used during class. Students mostly used target language when reading or giving answers to tasks from the learners book. My idea is that it is OK to use native language for beginners, but I believe there are other ways to encourage pupils to speak English, f or example by praising and by giving them time to express themselves. afterwards I have started teaching I noticed that even the best students are nervous about using the target language. I believe that speaking is an individual process. One has to concentrate on many things at the same time vocabulary knowledge, word choice, grammar, pronunciation etc. But producing spoken language is indispensable in learning a language. My idea is that if once students experience a minimum of success in conversation, they will be motivated to learn to express their ideas in English with fluency. As I have mentioned in my previous paper, language theorist Stephen Krashen (1981) claims that fluency work is necessary to enable the performer to achieve acquisition while accuracy in language teaching neglects adaptability and the ability to improvise (Krashen,1981128). idealogue Christopher Brumfit (1980) indicates that fluency practice helps the student to use his limited amount of language for as wide a range of purposes possible and teachers have to allow the students to learn from their own abilities.StrategiesAnother aim in the Curriculum is to express orally to obtain help in understanding and being understood and to understand various oral and written presentations on self-selected topics (www.udir.no). During my teaching practice I tried to use activities that focused on fluency. I unvoiced on achieving of communication instead of focusing on errors. In this way I gave a chance also to those students who felt unsecure about their English level. I recommended students to use language that was not predictable and sought to link up language use to context. I achieved these aims by using authentic materials in my teaching, such as real newspaper articles. The students homework was assigned to require using accessible materials, like articles, television news, anything that could create discussion. The students enjoyed playing roles. Problems occurred when they had to take in out the role play. Many of the students read out loud what they have written instead of improvise. When it went on too long, and performing took too much time, other students had to wait for each other. Even so, this activity both seemed to stimulate and motivate them. My impression is that balancing fluency activities with accuracy is the most difficult task in planning a lesson. Brumfit(1980) says that only accurate speech will communicate effectively, and we need accuracy as well as fluency in order to communicate properly.Communicative drills or exercises can be more efficient in producing language acquisition than mechanically skillful drills, claims Krashen (1981) because these are activities in which students can really communicate or in which communication can be stimulated (Krashen,1981104). In my teaching practice, I tried to combine meaningful practice with communicative practice as often I could. By meaningful practice I refer to activities where students have to make meaningful choices when they perform a practice. One of these kinds of tasks was the one where students had to imagine that they were staying at a hotel in London. The student was supposed to visit some of the attractions and they had to use a map in order to find the way there. They had to work in pairs and had to explain their partner how they have plotted their day, by showing on the map how they are going to get there. The students were excited about working in pairs, something they do quite seldom. Their biggest challenge was working together and using the target language, my challenge was making myself understood. I had to explain the task many times, but even so, there were some students that had to get instructions in Norwegian. Nevertheless, they seemed motivated by learning something else excessively grammar. But how can a student become a positive(p) English speaker? According to language theorists RichardsRodgers(2006), teachers have to reconsider their role in t eaching. Instead of being a model of correct speech, teachers should help language learning and be more flexible when activities are unsuccessful. My opinion is that it is important to make a check-list on what is important in communicative practice, for example use of creative, authentic questions and tasks that can be used alfresco the classroom, use games and guessing to make things interesting, use tasks after the students age and interests and bail the topic of texts with personalized, background knowledge. All this encourages the students to use English in the classroom. most(prenominal) of lower-secondary students are used to watch movies or listen to songs in English. But still, even the best students need to be praised and encouraged to speak it. With a view to improving speaking abilities, giving opportunities to practice and having free informal activities are very good ideas. To any level of students, using English for real communicative purpose is an ideal way to beg in Students can gather with the teacher in a caf and discuss issues in English to break away from the idea that English is only used in class or homework.ConclusionIn this paper I have discussed the importance of speaking English in the classroom. My opinion is that speaking is the strongest tool for communication. Students need to experience language as communication as early as possible in their learning in order to master English. That is why I, as future teacher of the English language, am aware of the importance of giving students opportunity to speak the target language. Even though accuracy and fluency cannot be totally separated, it is more effective to have achievable goals rather than being perfect. Teacher-student interaction is the best example of authentic communication. And if the teacher knows his/her students well enough, it may provide a lot inspiration.Literature listBrumfit, C. Problems and principles in English teaching, 1980, Oxford Pergamon PressLarsen-Freeman , D. Techniques and principles in language teaching, 2000 Oxford Oxford University PressKrashen, S.D Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning, 1981, Pergamon Press. (Compendium)Newby, David Theory and practice communicative grammar, 1998, Ablex Publishing Corporation. (Compendium)Richards, Jack C. and Rodgers, Theodore S Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, 2006, Cambridge University Press.http//www.udir.no/Artikler/_Lareplaner/_english/Common-core-subjects-in-primary-and-secondary-education/ 15.03.10